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Phosphorus status, use and recycling in a Chinese peri-urban region with intensive animal husbandry and cropping systems Results from case study in a Sino-German applied research collaboration project |
Marco ROELCKE1,2(), Lisa HEIMANN1, Yong HOU3, Jianbin GUO4, Qiaoyun XUE5, Wei JIA6, Anne OSTERMANN7, Roxana Mendoza HUAITALLA8, Moritz ENGBERS9, Clemens OLBRICH10, Roland W. SCHOLZ11, Joachim CLEMENS12, Frank SCHUCHARDT13, Rolf NIEDER1, Xuejun LIU3, Fusuo ZHANG3 |
1. Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 2. Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany 3. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 4. College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China 5. Editorial Committee & Editorial Office of PEDOSPHERE, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China 6. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 7. Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany 8. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany 9. Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany 10. Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany 11. Department for Knowledge and Communication Management, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria 12. SF-Soepenberg GmbH, 46569 Hünxe, Germany 13. Institute of Agricultural Technology, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI)-Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany |
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Abstract The Sino-German research collaboration project, “Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China” (2008–2012), comprising different interdisciplinary research groups, and also German small and medium-sized enterprises, aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China. In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing, five typical cropping systems were investigated. The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus (P) in soil, plants, animal feed, animal products, manures, mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows. The mean annual P balance surplus was 492 kg·ha−1·yr−1 P for the vegetable production system, significantly higher (P<0.05) than that for orchards (130 kg·ha−1·yr−1P) and cereal crops (83 kg·ha−1·yr−1 P). Plant-available P (Olsen-P) concentrations of topsoils (0–20 cm) had good correlations with the amounts of P applied (from mineral and organic sources). Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981, mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold (from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg−1) from 1981 to 2009. On average, the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations (>30 mg·kg−1) that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems. With feed additives, the “natural background value” (Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils) of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites. Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination. Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007. Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations, making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply. Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (biogas) treatment in a life cycle assessment, the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr−1, well above the cropland area owned by the farm (10 ha). The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as (1) the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming, (2) the mismatch between livestock density and cropland, (3) nutrient (including P) recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production, (4) subsidies for compost production and biogas, as well as (5) advances in the regulatory framework in China.
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Keywords
cropping systems
life cycle assessment
North China Plain
balances and nutrient flows
transdisciplinary approach
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Corresponding Author(s):
Marco ROELCKE
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Online First Date: 11 November 2019
Issue Date: 29 November 2019
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