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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-7505

ISSN 2095-977X(Online)

CN 10-1204/S

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2017, Vol. 4 Issue (3) : 358-365    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2017158
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Conserved gene arrangement in the mitochondrial genomes of barklouse families Stenopsocidae and Psocidae
Xiaochen LIU1, Hu LI1,2(), Yao CAI1, Fan SONG1, John-James WILSON3, Wanzhi CAI1,2()
1. Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2. Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
3. International College Beijing, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract

Substantial variation in gene organization and arrangement has been reported for sequenced mitochondrial (mt) genomes from the suborders of the insect order Psocoptera. In this study we sequenced the complete mt genome of Stenopsocus immaculatus, the first representative of the family Stenopsocidae from the suborder Psocomorpha. Relative to the ancestral pattern, rearrangements of a protein-coding gene (nad3) and five tRNA genes (trnQ, trnC, trnN, trnS1, trnE) were found. This pattern was similar to that of two barklice from the family Psocidae, with the exception of the translocation of trnS1, trnE and trnI. Based on comparisons of pairwise breakpoint distances of gene rearrangements, gene number and chromosome number, it was concluded that mt genomes of Stenopsocidae and Psocidae share a relatively conserved pattern of gene rearrangements; mt genomes within the Psocomorpha have been generally stable over long evolutionary history; and mt gene rearrangement has been substantially faster in the booklice (suborder Troctomorpha) than in the barklice (suborders Trogiomorpha and Psocomorpha). It is speculated that the change of life history and persistence of unusual reproductive systems with maternal inheritance contributed to the contrasting rates in mt genome evolution between the barklice and booklice.
Keywords gene rearrangement      mitochondrial genome      Psocoptera      Stenopsocidae      TDRL model     
Corresponding Author(s): Hu LI,Wanzhi CAI   
Just Accepted Date: 10 May 2017   Online First Date: 26 May 2017    Issue Date: 12 September 2017
 Cite this article:   
Xiaochen LIU,Hu LI,Yao CAI, et al. Conserved gene arrangement in the mitochondrial genomes of barklouse families Stenopsocidae and Psocidae[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2017, 4(3): 358-365.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2017158
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2017/V4/I3/358
Order/SuborderFamilySpeciesAccession numberReference
Psocoptera
PsocomorphaPsocidaePsococerastis albimaculataJQ910986[19]
Longivalvus hyalospilusJQ910989[19]
StenopsocidaeStenopsocus immaculatusKX187004Present study
TrogiomorphaLepidopsocidaeUnidentified speciesNC_004816[24]
TroctomorphaLiposcelidaeL. decolorJX870621[23]
L. bostrychophilaJN645275-76[22]
L. paetaNC_025505-06[21]
L. entomophilaNC_025503-04[21]
L. sculptilisKX171073[18]
Hemiptera
HeteropteraPentatomidaeHalyomorpha halysNC_013272[31]
Tab.1  Species phylogenetically analyzed in this study
Fig.1  The mitochondrial genome of the narrow barklouse, Stenopsocus immaculatus. Arrows indicate the orientation of gene transcription. PCGs are shown as blue arrows, rRNA genes as purple arrows, tRNA genes as brown arrows and the control region as gray rectangle. Abbreviations of gene names are: atp6 and atp8 for ATP synthase subunits 6 and 8, cox1–3 for cytochrome oxidase subunits 1–3, cytb for Cytochrome b, nad1–6 and nad4L for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1–6 and 4L, rrnL and rrnS for large and small rRNA subunits. tRNA genes are shown with their one-letter corresponding amino acids; the two tRNA genes for leucine and serine have different anticodons: L1 (TAG), L2 (TAA), S1 (TCT) and S2 (TGA). The GC content is plotted using a black sliding window, as the deviation from the average GC content of the entire sequence. GC-skew is plotted as the deviation from the average GC-skew of the entire sequence. The inner cycle indicates the location of genes in the mt genome.
Fig.2  The control region of the narrow barklouse Stenopsocus immaculatus. I and II indicate two mirror-repeat units.
FeatureT (U)CAGA%+ T%AT-skewGC-skew
Whole genome39.911.838.49.878.3- 0.019- 0.093
Control region42.87.541.97.784.8- 0.0110.015
Protein-coding genes43.611.532.112.875.7- 0.1510.053
First codon position35.010.735.718.470.90.0060.263
Second codon position46.018.321.314.367.4- 0.367- 0.123
Third codon position49.05.539.55.688.9- 0.1120.017
tRNA genes39.78.340.111.979.80.0050.175
rRNA genes43.56.739.010.882.5- 0.0550.234
Tab.2  Nucleotide composition of the Stenopsocus immaculatus mitochondrial genome
Fig.3  Comparison of mitochondrial gene arrangement between Psocomorpha (Stenopsocidae and Psocidae) and the hypothetical ancestor of insects. Abbreviations of gene names follow Fig. 1. Genes are transcribed from left to right except those underlined, which have the opposite transcriptional orientation. Orange frames show two active regions of gene rearrangements.
Fig.4  Inferred TDRL events that account for the mitochondrial gene rearrangements in the narrow barklouse Stenopsocus immaculatus. (a) Genes between CR and cox1; (b) genes between cox3 and nad4. Genes with crosses below were eliminated. Two longer non-coding sequences are highlighted in orange.
Fig.5  Phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of the Psocoptera inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Numbers close to the branching points are ML bootstrap support values (right) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) in percentages. Breakpoint distances are relative to the ancestral arranging pattern. Gene number in the bracket calculates gene without repetitions.
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