WO<sub>3</sub> nanomaterials synthesized via a sol-gel method and calcination for use as a CO gas sensor

doi:10.1007/s11705-014-1431-0

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2014, Vol. 8

Issue (2) : 179-187 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-014-1431-0

RESEARCH ARTICLE

WO₃ nanomaterials synthesized via a sol-gel method and calcination for use as a CO gas sensor

Diah SUSANTI^1,^*(

),A.A. Gede Pradnyana DIPUTRA¹,Lucky TANANTA¹,Hariyati PURWANINGSIH¹,George Endri KUSUMA²,Chenhao WANG³,Shaoju SHIH³,Yingsheng HUANG⁴

1. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Surabaya State Shipbuilding Polytechnic, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Taipei 10607, Taiwan, China
4. Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Taipei 10607, Taiwan, China

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Abstract

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous and hazardous gas and sensitive sensor devices are needed to prevent humans from being poisoned by this gas. A CO gas sensor has been prepared from WO₃ synthesized by a sol-gel method. The sensor chip was prepared by a spin-coating technique which deposited a thin film of WO₃ on an alumina substrate. The chip samples were then calcined at 300, 400, 500 or 600 °C for 1 h. The sensitivities of the different sensor chips for CO gas were determined by comparing the changes in electrical resistance in the absence and presence of 50 ppm of CO gas at 200 °C. The WO₃ calcined at 500 °C had the highest sensitivity. The sensitivity of this sensor was also measured at CO concentrations of 100 ppm and 200 ppm and at operating temperatures of 30 and 100 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the WO₃ calcined at 500 °C indicated that this sample had the highest gas adsorption capacity. This preliminary research has shown that WO₃ can serve as a CO gas sensor and that is should be further explored and developed.

Keywords WO₃ nanomaterial sol-gel calcinations CO gas sensor sensitivity

Corresponding Author(s): Diah SUSANTI

Issue Date: 22 May 2014

Cite this article:

Diah SUSANTI,A.A. Gede Pradnyana DIPUTRA,Lucky TANANTA, et al. WO₃ nanomaterials synthesized via a sol-gel method and calcination for use as a CO gas sensor[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(2): 179-187.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-014-1431-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2014/V8/I2/179

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the sensor chip arrangement. 1 Alumina substrate, 2 palladium electrode, 3 WO₃ film, 4 palladium heating element, 5 connecting wires, 6 small ceramic tube for thermocouple connection

Fig.2 Secondary electron SEM images of WO₃ coated on top of alumina wafers after calcination at (a) 300, (b) 400, (c) 500, and (d) 600°C for 1 h

Fig.3 X-ray diffraction patterns of WO₃ material after calcination at 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C for 1 h

Tab.1 Crystallite sizes and active surface areas of WO₃ powder calcinated at different temperatures

Fig.4 Bright-field TEM images of the WO₃ material calcined at 600°C. (a) A WO₃ cluster, (b) higher magnification of the square region in (a), (c) and (d) magnified images of the square regions in (b), 1 and 2 respectively

Fig.5 EDX spectra of WO₃ taken from the square region in Fig. 4(a)

Fig.6 Raman spectra of WO₃ powder calcined at 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C

Fig.7 (a) TGA/DTA of WO₃ gel without thermal treatment, (b) TGA of WO₃ powder treated at 300 and 400 °C, (c) TGA of WO₃ powder treated at 500 °C and 600 °C

Fig.8 (a) Sensitivity of WO₃-based chip sensor calcined at 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C, measured at 200 °C and 50 ppm CO; (b) Sensitivity of sensor calcined at 500 °C measured at different operating temperatures: 30, 100 and 200 °C at 50 ppm CO; (c) Sensitivity of sensor calcined at 500 °C measured at different CO gas concentrations: 50, 100 °C and 200 ppm at 200 °C

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