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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 262-279    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1528-0
REVIEW ARTICLE
Oxidative desulfurization of fuels using ionic liquids: A review? ?
Hua Zhao1,*(),Gary A. Baker2
1. Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
2. Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract

Extractive oxidation, wherein aromatic sulfur-containing compounds are extracted and subsequently oxidized to their corresponding sulfones, has proven to be one of the most effective desulfurization methods for producing ultra-low sulfur content fuels. As non-volatile and highly designable solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted considerable attention for the oxidative desulfurization of fuels. In this review, we systematically discuss the utility of ILs in catalytic and extractive oxidation, including their role as extractant, catalyst, or both. We also discuss the challenges facing the use of ILs in this regard, including their relatively high cost and excessive viscosity, as well as their efficiency and stability as catalyst.
Keywords oxidative desulfurization      ionic liquids      extraction      fuels      petroleum      polyoxometalates     
Corresponding Author(s): Hua Zhao   
Online First Date: 09 September 2015    Issue Date: 30 September 2015
 Cite this article:   
Hua Zhao,Gary A. Baker. Oxidative desulfurization of fuels using ionic liquids: A review? ?[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(3): 262-279.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-015-1528-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2015/V9/I3/262
Fig.1  Scheme 1 Structures of typical cations and anions used in IL formulation
# Substrate IL Oil Oil/IL /(v?v−1) T/°C KN in /( m g s ? L I L − 1 )/( m g s ? L o i l − 1 ) Ref.
1 DBT [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3 n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 4.0 [20]
2 DBT [BMIM][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 0.7 [20]
3 DBT [BMIM][PF6] n-Dodecane 1:1 60 0.9 [20]
4 DBT [BMIM][dca] n-Hexane 1:1 25 2.28 [31]
5 DBT [BMIM][OctSO4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 1.9 [20]
6 Thiophene [BMIM][OctSO4] iso-Octane 1:1 r.t. 0.7 [20]
7 BT [BMIM][OctSO4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 1.6 [20]
8 4,6-DMDBT [BMIM][OctSO4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 0.9 [20]
9 DBT [EMIM][dca] n-Hexane 1:1 25 1.3 [31]
10 DBT [EMIM][EtSO4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 0.8 [20]
11 Thiophene [EMIM][EtSO4] iso-Octane r.t. 0.53 [32]
12 BT [EMIM][EtSO4] iso-Octane r.t. 0.70 [32]
13 DBT [EMIM][EtSO4] iso-Octane r.t. 0.99 [32]
14 DBT [MMIM][Me2PO4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 0.7 [20]
15 DBT [OMIM][BF4] n-Octane 5:1 2.91 [33]
16 BT [OMIM][BF4] n-Octane 5:1 2.33 [33]
17 4,6-DMDBT [OMIM][BF4] n-Octane 5:1 1.70 [33]
18 DBT [BuPy][BF4] n-Octane 1:1 40 0.83 [34]
19 DBT [BuPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 0.77 [35]
20 DBT [BuPy][SCN] n-Octane 1:1 40 1.14 [34]
21 DBT [BuPy][HSO4] n-Octane 1:1 40 1.42 [34]
22 DBT [BuPy][H2PO4] n-Octane 1:1 40 1.24 [34]
23 DBT [HexPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 1.42 [35]
24 DBT [OctPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 1.79 [35]
25 DBT [3-Me-BuPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 2.08 [36]
26 DBT [3-Me-HexPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 2.89 [36]
27 DBT [3-Me-OctPy][BF4] n-Dodecane 1:1 r.t. 3.11 [36]
28 DBT [MePyo][BF4] n-Octane 1:1 60 0.64 [37]
29 DBT [EtMe2S][dca] n-Hexane 1:1 25 0.84 [31]
30 DBT [Me3NCH2C6H5]Cl·2ZnCl2 n-Octane 5:1 30 2.03 [38]
31 DBT [S2][dca] n-Hexane 1:1 25 1.08 [31]
Tab.1  Nernst partition coefficients (KN) of aromatic sulfur-containing compounds
# Catalyst Extractant DBT/cat, molar ratio H2O2/DBT, molar ratio T/°C t/min S/ppm Sremoval /% Ref.
1 MoO(O2)2·Glycine [BMIM][PF6] 10 4 70 180 – 99.2 [39]
2 MoO(O2)2·Glycine [BMIM][BF4] 10 4 70 180 – 99 [39]
3 MoO(O2)2·Glycine or Na2MoO4·2H2O [BMIM][BF4] 10 4 70 180 – 99 [39]
4 [(C4H9)4N]6[Mo7O24] [BMIM][PF6] 100 5 50 120 500 99 [40]
5 [(C12H25)N+Me3]4[Mo8O26] [HO3S(CH2)3-MIM][BF4] 10 8 70 180 1000 100 [41]
6 [(C4H9)4N]4W10O32 [BMIM][PF6] 100 3 60 30 1000 98 [42]
7 [(CH3)4N]4W10O32 [BMIM][PF6] 100 3 60 30 1000 97 [42]
8 [(C2H5)3(C7H7)]4W10O32 [BMIM][PF6] 100 3 60 30 1000 66 [42]
9 Na4W10O32 [BMIM][PF6] 100 3 60 30 1000 95 [42]
10 [(C8H17)3NCH3]2W6O19 [OMIM][PF6] 50 3 60 60 500 98 [43]
11 Na7H2EuW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 20 3 60 10 1000 99 [44]
12 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 20 3 60 20 1000 99 [44]
13 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 100 3 60 25 1000 99 [44]
14 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 100 5 60 20 1000 99 [44]
15 H3PW12O40 [BMIM][BF4] 100 3 30 60 1000 98 [45]
16 [PSPy]3PW12O40 [BMIM][BF4] 120 4 30 60 500 81 [46]
17 [PSPy]3PW12O40 [BMIM][PF6] 120 4 30 60 500 96 [46]
18 [PSPy]3PW12O40 [OMIM][BF4] 120 4 30 60 500 77 [46]
19 [PSPy]3PW12O40 [BMIM][PF6] 120 4 30 60 500 99 [46]
20 Na7H2EuW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 20 5 30 20 1000 99 [44]
21 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 100 5 30 40 1000 99 [44]
22 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 50 5 30 30 1000 99 [44]
23 Na7H2LaW10O36·32H2O [BMIM][BF4] 20 5 30 25 1000 100 [44]
24 V2O5 [BMIM][BF4] 20 6 30 240 1000 98.7 [47]
25 VO(acac)2 [BMIM][BF4] 20 5 30 120 – 99.6 [48]
Tab.2  Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of DBT by polyoxometalate/IL systems
Fig.2  Scheme 2 The extractive and catalytic oxidation process of deep desulfurization, using dibenzothiophene (DBT) as the aromatic sulfur-containing compound for illustration. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51], Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry)
Fig.3  Scheme 3 Catalytic oxidation of DBT in a water-in-IL emulsion system designed around an amphiphilic ionic catalyst consisting of a quaternary ammonium cation and a POM anion. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [106], Copyright © 2011 American Chemical Society)
Fig.4  Scheme 4 Extractive and oxidative desulfurization using a catalytic water-in-IL emulsion system based on a tungsten-containing amphiphilic catalyst (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [107], Copyright © 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry)
Fig.5  Scheme 5 Bifunctional ammonium phosphotungstate ILs for thermoregulated oxidative desulfurization
Fig.6  Scheme 6 Bifunctional 1-butyl-3-(poly(ethylene glycol))imidazolium phosphotungstate ILs for thermoregulated oxidative desulfurization
<?Pub Caret1?>
4,6-DMDBT= 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene
4-MDBT= 4-methyldibenzothiophene
BMIM+ = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
EMIM+ = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
OMIM+ = 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium
C2CN-BIM+ = 1-propionitrile-3-butylimidazolium
MIMPS+ = 1-(3-sulfo)propyl-3-methylimidazolium
BuPy+ = N-butylpyridinium
HexPy+ = N-hexylpyridinium
OctPy+ = N-octylpyridinium
HMMPy+ = 1-hexyl-2,4-dimethylpyridinium
3-Me-BuPy+ = 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium
3-Me-HexPy+ = 1-hexyl-3-methyl pyridinium
3-Me-OctPy+ = 1-octyl-3-methylpyridinium
PSPy= 1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium
TOMA+ = trioctylmethylammonium
MePyo+ = N-methyl-pyrrolidonium
S2+ = ethyltetrahydrothiophenium
Dca? = dicyanamide
OTs? = tosylate
Tab.1  
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