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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2019, Vol. 13 Issue (2) : 253-263    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8
REVIEW ARTICLE
Plasma for cancer treatment: How can RONS penetrate through the cell membrane? Answers from computer modeling
Annemie Bogaerts(), Maksudbek Yusupov, Jamoliddin Razzokov, Jonas Van der Paal
Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerp-Wilrijk, Belgium
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Abstract

Plasma is gaining increasing interest for cancer treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Using computer simulations at the molecular level, we try to gain better insight in how plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can penetrate through the cell membrane. Specifically, we compare the permeability of various (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) RONS across both oxidized and non-oxidized cell membranes. We also study pore formation, and how it is hampered by higher concentrations of cholesterol in the cell membrane, and we illustrate the much higher permeability of H2O2 through aquaporin channels. Both mechanisms may explain the selective cytotoxic effect of plasma towards cancer cells. Finally, we also discuss the synergistic effect of plasma-induced oxidation and electric fields towards pore formation.
Keywords plasma medicine      cancer treatment      computer modelling      cell membrane      reactive oxygen and nitrogen species     
Corresponding Author(s): Annemie Bogaerts   
Online First Date: 21 March 2019    Issue Date: 22 May 2019
 Cite this article:   
Annemie Bogaerts,Maksudbek Yusupov,Jamoliddin Razzokov, et al. Plasma for cancer treatment: How can RONS penetrate through the cell membrane? Answers from computer modeling[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(2): 253-263.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-018-1786-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2019/V13/I2/253
Fig.1  Overview of the computational methods that allow to obtain atomic/molecular level insight in the interaction of plasma species with biomolecular systems, as a function of the attainable system sizes and time scales (QM= quantum mechanics, DFTB= density functional-tight binding, QM/MM= quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, rMD= reactive molecular dynamics, nrMD= non-reactive molecular dynamics, uaMD= united-atom molecular dynamics, cgMD= coarse-grained molecular dynamics). Adopted from [35] with copyright permission
Fig.2  FEPs of the hydrophilic (a,b) and hydrophobic (c,d) ROS and RNS, across native and 50% oxidized PLBs. The PLB structure is drawn in pale color at the background, to indicate the position of the water layer, head groups and lipid tails
Fig.3  FEPs of H2O2 (upper part) and O2 (lower part) across the PLB, for various cholesterol concentrations in the cell membrane. Adopted from [12] with permission
Fig.4  Snapshot of MD simulations, at (a) 10 ns, (b) 40 ns and (c) 80 ns, illustrating pore formation in a model system of a PLB without cholesterol and 100% oxidation. A pore with diameter of ca. 15 Å is formed in (c). Adopted from [11] with permission
Fig.5  Calculated average water density in the center of the PLB, for model systems with 100% oxidation, as a function of cholesterol concentration in the PLB, indicating that pore formation occurs more easily in cell membranes containing less cholesterol, which is typical for cancer cells. This might be one of the explanations of the selectivity of plasma treatment for cancer cells vs. normal cells. Adopted from [11] with permission
Fig.6  Average pore formation time for three different electric field values, as a function of the oxidation degree of the PLB, for lipid oxidation into aldehydes. Adopted from [31] with permission
Fig.7  FEPs of H2O2 across (a) AQP1 and (b) the PLB. The cytoplasmic and extracellular water layers are shown in pink color. The associated standard deviations of the FEPs are shown in grey
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