Synthesis of Ag and Cd nanoparticles by nanosecond-pulsed discharge in liquid nitrogen

doi:10.1007/s11705-019-1802-7

Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (2) : 360-368 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1802-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Synthesis of Ag and Cd nanoparticles by nanosecond-pulsed discharge in liquid nitrogen

Mahmoud Trad¹, Alexandre Nominé¹, Natalie Tarasenka², Jaafar Ghanbaja¹, Cédric Noël¹, Malek Tabbal³, Thierry Belmonte¹(

)

¹. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
². B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
³. Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

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Abstract

The synthesis of CdO, Ag₂O (5 nm) and Ag (~20‒30 nm) nano-objects is achieved simultaneously by nanosecond-pulsed discharges in liquid nitrogen between one cadmium electrode and one silver electrode. Oxidation occurs when liquid nitrogen is fully evaporated and nanoparticles are in contact with the air. No alloy is formed, whatever the conditions, even though both elements are present simultaneously, as showed by time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. This lack of reactivity between elements is attributed to the high pressure within the discharge that keeps each metallic vapor around the electrode it comes from. Each element exhibits a specific behavior. Cubic Cd particles, formed at 4 kV, get elongated with filamentary tips when the applied voltage reaches 7 and 10 kV. Cd wires are formed by assembly in liquid nitrogen of Cd nanoparticles driven by dipole assembly, and not by dielectrophoresis. On the contrary, silver spherical particles get assembled into 2D dendritic structures. The anisotropic growth of these structures is assumed to be due to the existence of pressure gradients.

Keywords spark discharges submerged discharges time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy liquid nitrogen

Corresponding Author(s): Thierry Belmonte

Online First Date: 24 April 2019 Issue Date: 22 May 2019

Cite this article:

Mahmoud Trad,Alexandre Nominé,Natalie Tarasenka, et al. Synthesis of Ag and Cd nanoparticles by nanosecond-pulsed discharge in liquid nitrogen[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(2): 360-368.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-019-1802-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2019/V13/I2/360

Fig.1 Time-evolution of the voltage and current recorded for pulse width of 100, 500 and 2500 ns

Fig.2 Identification of emission lines of an emission spectrum recorded in the visible range 800 ns after breakdown. Theoretical transitions are materialized by ticks whose heights are proportional to their relative intensities normalized to the maximum value in the visible range. Acquisition time: 50 ns; Applied voltage: +10 kV; Pulse width: 2500 ns. If Cd I and Cd II transitions are clearly present, the presence of Ag I transitions cannot be asserted with this spectrum and it requires results presented in ESM 3. Stars denote second-order transitions

Tab.1 Identified transitions corresponding to emission lines depicted in Fig. 2 (unresolved double peaks are denoted with brackets). Second-order lines are written 2×l

Fig.3 Time evolution of selected emission lines (a) for a pulse width of 100 ns (data recorded every 50 ns) and (b) for a pulse width of 2500 ns (data recorded every 250 ns). Each area is the integrated value of the line intensity over a relevant window of wavelength. The dotted line represent the evolution of the area of the silver transition in the discharge period where this contribution starts emerging as a shoulder of its neighboring Cd I line. The current flowing through the plasma is also given (right scale). The evolution of the double transition at 537.81 nm and 538.19 nm was too weak to be evaluated and plotted in (a)

Fig.4 Nano-objects synthesized at 10 and 4 kV for different pulse widths

Tab.2 Composition of nano-objects in atomic percent

Fig.5 (a) large view STEM HAADF micrograph of a set of nanowires; (b) Magnification showing individual nanowires; (c) High resolution TEM micrograph of a single nanowire whose edges are showed by dotted lines (Inset: magnification of a nanoparticle composing the nanowire. Atomic planes are materialized by yellow lines); (d) Fast Fourier transform image of the set of nanoparticles composing a nanowire (dot 1: (111); dot 2: (200); dot 3: (220); dot 4: (222) of cubic CdO (

F m 3 ‾ m

))

Fig.6 (a) Color density plot by McCreery and Greenside of the non-uniform surface charge density on the faces of a conducting equipotential cubic surface [¹⁶] (Reproduced with permission from Elsevier); (b) Schematic illustration of the self-assembly process of metallic Cd nanoparticle chains based on the dipole assembly model by Liao et al. [¹⁵]; (c) Magnification of a Cd wire showing the shift by a half edge length between primary cubic particles

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