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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering

ISSN 2095-0179

ISSN 2095-0187(Online)

CN 11-5981/TQ

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2018 Impact Factor: 2.809

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Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (1) : 4-18    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1846-8
REVIEW ARTICLE
Detection and monitoring prostate specific antigen using nanotechnology approaches to biosensing
Grant Perry, Fernando Cortezon-Tamarit(), Sofia I. Pascu()
Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Abstract

Prostate cancer has a high incidence in men and remains the second cause of mortality due to cancer worldwide. As the development of the disease is greatly correlated to age, the identification of novel detection methods reliable, efficient, and cost effective is a matter of significant importance in the ageing population of western societies. The detection of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood samples has been the preferred method for the detection and monitoring of prostate cancer over the past decades. Despite the indications against its use in massive population screening, PSA still remains the best studied biomarker for prostate cancer and the detection of its different forms and incorporation in multiplexed designs with other biomarkers still remains a highly valuable indicator in the theranostics of prostate cancer. The latest developments in the use of nanomaterials towards the construction of PSA biosensors are reviewed hereby. The incorporation of gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles and graphene nanostructures to biosensing devices has represented a big leap forward in terms of sensitivity, stability and miniaturization. Both electrochemical and optical detection methods for the detection of PSA will be reviewed herein.
Keywords biosensing      immunosensor      PSA      prostate cancer      fluorescence     
Corresponding Author(s): Fernando Cortezon-Tamarit,Sofia I. Pascu   
Just Accepted Date: 29 April 2019   Online First Date: 17 July 2019    Issue Date: 20 January 2020
 Cite this article:   
Grant Perry,Fernando Cortezon-Tamarit,Sofia I. Pascu. Detection and monitoring prostate specific antigen using nanotechnology approaches to biosensing[J]. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 4-18.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/10.1007/s11705-019-1846-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fcse/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/4
Fig.1  Incidence rates of different cancers in men in the United States during the 1975 to 2014 period. The spike in prostate cancer cases during the mid-1990s was produced due to the introduction of PSA screening. Adapted from Ref. [3] with permission from the publisher
Fig.2  Single crystal X-ray structure of the PSA enzyme in a sandwich with two antibodies. Image adapted from data on Ref. [12] deposited on the Protein Data Bank
Fig.3  Conceptual representation of direct ELISA
Fig.4  Example of photoactive immunoassay for PSA. Adapted from Ref. [21]. AuNP: gold nanoparticles; *Including binding sequence to AuNP and enzymatic cleavage site
Fig.5  Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images of nano-spindles (a) 10 µm range, and (b) 1 µm range. Adapted from Ref. [34] with permission?from?the?publisher
Fig.6  Diagram showing dual capability of a sensor capable of detecting both vascular endothelial growth factor, of relevance in tumor microenvironment targeting (VEGF) and PSA. Adapted from Ref. [44] with permission from the publisher
Fig.7  FESEM (a1, b1, c1) and TEM (a2, b2, c2) images of the crumpled GR-Au composites. Adapted from Ref. [50] with permission from the publisher
Fig.8  Diagram showing immunosensor fabrication and reaction process when exposed to PSA. Adapted from Ref. [51] with permission from the publisher
Fig.9  PSA detection process with Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanoparticles. Adapted from Ref.?[53] with permission from the publisher
Fig.10  Diagram showing process scheme of PSA detection for the novel sandwich-type aptasensor. Adapted from Ref. [54] with permission from the publisher
Fig.11  Simplified ECL mechanism of (a) luminol and (b) Ru(bpy3)2+
Fig.12  Diagram showing process scheme of PSA detection giving a florescence emission. Adapted from Ref. [68] with permission from the publisher
Fig.13  Diagram of peptide/MNCPs sensor for the fluorescent detection of PSA. Adapted from Ref. [70] with permission from the publisher
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