Select
Nanocrystal technology for drug formulation and delivery
Tzu-Lan CHANG, Honglei ZHAN, Danni LIANG, Jun F. LIANG
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.. 2015, 9 (1 ): 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1509-3
With the development of modern technology like high throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry and computer aid drug design, the drug discovery process has been dramatically accelerated. However, new drug candidates often exhibit poor aqueous or even organic medium solubility. Additionally, many of them may have low dissolution velocity and low oral bioavailability. Nanocrystal formulation sheds new light on advanced drug development. Due to small (nano- or micro- meters) sizes, the increased surface-volume ratio leads to dramatically enhanced drug dissolution velocity and saturation solubility. The simplicity in preparation and the potential for various administration routes allow drug nanocrystals to be a novel drug delivery system for specific diseases (i.e. cancer). In addition to the comprehensive review of different technologies and methods in drug nanocrystal preparation, suspension, and stabilization, we will also compare nano- and micro-sized drug crystals in pharmaceutical applications and discuss current nanocrystal drugs on the market and their limitations.
Figures and Tables |
References |
Related Articles |
Metrics
Select
Treatment of landfill waste, leachate and landfill gas: A review
Hecham OMAR, Sohrab ROHANI
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.. 2015, 9 (1 ): 15-32.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1501-y
This review aims at the treatment of the entire landfill, including the waste mass and the harmful emissions: leachate and landfill gas. Different landfill treatments (aerobic, anaerobic and semi-aerobic bioreactor landfills, dry-tomb landfills), leachate treatments (anaerobic and aerobic treatments, anammox, adsorption, chemical oxidation, coagulation/flocculation and membrane processes) and landfill gas treatments (flaring, adsorption, absorption, permeation and cryogenic treatments) are reviewed. Available information and the gaps present in current knowledge is summarized. The most significant areas to expand are landfill waste treatments, which in recent years has begun to grow but there is an opportunity for much more. Another area to explore is the treatment of landfill gas, a very large field to which not much effort has been put forth. This review is to compare different treatment methods and give direction to future research.
Figures and Tables |
References |
Related Articles |
Metrics
Select
Synthesis, characterization and assessment thermal properties of clay based nanopigments
Mohammad Banimahd KIEVANI, Milad EDRAKI
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.. 2015, 9 (1 ): 40-45.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1505-7
Nano-clay based pigments (NCP) are new type of pigments composed of organic dyes and layered silicate-clay nano-particles, and have already been used in polymeric coatings to improve mechanical thermal and stability properties. In this paper, the basic blue 41(BB41) was intercalated into Na+ - montmorillonite in an aqueous medium. The dye-intercalated montmorillonite was centrifuged, dried, and milled to prepare the nanopigment particles. X-ray diffraction showed an increase in the basal spacing, thus confirming intercalation of the BB41 molecules within the nanostructures of the interlayer spaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for identifying the functional groups and chemical bounding of Na+ -montmorillonite, BB41 and montmorillonite-BB41. The morphology of NCP was also studied by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential thermograms suggested the thermal stability of the intercalated dye was improved.
Figures and Tables |
References |
Related Articles |
Metrics
Select
Synthesis, molecular docking and antibacterial evaluation of 2-(4-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl)phenylamino)-3-(thiophen-2-ylthio)naphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives
Palanisamy RAVICHANDIRAN, Dhanaraj PREMNATH, Samuel VASANTHKUMAR
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.. 2015, 9 (1 ): 46-56.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1506-6
A new series of 2-(4-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl)phenylamino)-3-(thiophen-2-ylthio)naphthalene-1,4-dione derivatives ( 3a-3n) were synthesized and characterized by spectral techniques. To understand the interaction of binding sites with bacterial protein receptor, the docking study was performed by the GLIDE program and compound N -(4-(4-(1,4-dioxo-3-(thiophen-2-ylthio)-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-ylamino)phenylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-methylbenzamide ( 3b) exhibited good glide and E model scores of ?5.89 and ?94.90, respectively. Moreover among all the molecules studied including the standards used, namely Sparfloxacin (4.8 μg/mL) and Norfloxacin (no inhibition observed) for their antibacterial property, compound N -(4-(4-(1,4-dioxo-3-(thiophen-2-ylthio)-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-ylamino)phenylsulfonyl)phenyl)-4-nitrobenzamide ( 3e) exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.3 μg/mL against Proteus vulgaris .
Figures and Tables |
References |
Related Articles |
Metrics
Select
Hydrophobic polyethersulfone porous membranes for membrane distillation
Heba ABDALLAH, Ayman EL-GENDI, Maaly KHEDR, Elham EL-ZANATI
Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.. 2015, 9 (1 ): 84-93.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-015-1508-4
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal, vapor-driven transportation process through micro porous hydrophobic membranes that is increasingly being applied to seawater and brine desalination processes. Two types of hydrophobic microporous polyethersulfone flat sheet membranes, namely, annealed polyethersulfone and a polyethersulfone/tetraethoxysilane (PES/TEOS) blend were prepared by a phase inversion process. The membranes were characterized and their performances were investigated using the vacuum membrane distillation of an aqueous NaCl solution. The performances of the prepared membranes were also compared with two commercially available hydrophobic membranes, polytetrafluorethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride. The influence of operational parameters such as feed temperature (25–65 °C), permeate vacuum pressure (200–800 mbar), feed flow rate (8–22 mL/s) and feed salt concentration (3000 to 35000 mg/L) on the MD permeation flux were investigated for the four membranes. The hydrophobic PES/TEOS membrane had the highest salt rejection (99.7%) and permeate flux (86 kg/m2 ·h) at 65 °C, with a feed of 7000 ppm and a pressure of 200 mbar.
Figures and Tables |
References |
Related Articles |
Metrics
12 articles