|
|
|
Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany |
Lutz AHRENS1,2( ), Merle PLASSMANN1,3, Zhiyong XIE1, Ralf EBINGHAUS1 |
| 1. Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht GmbH, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany; 2. Institute for Ecology and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; 3. Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden |
|
|
|
|
Abstract The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C4-C8 perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6∶2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6∶2 FTS), C6 and C8 perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C4-C12 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m2-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9-12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ∑PFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.
|
| Keywords
polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs)
perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
surface water
water-particulate partitioning
|
|
Corresponding Author(s):
AHRENS Lutz,Email:lutz.ahrens@gkss.de
|
|
Issue Date: 05 June 2009
|
|
| 1 |
Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Horii Y, Petrick G, Gamo T. A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans. Marine Poll Bull , 2005, 51: 658-668
doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.026
|
| 2 |
McLachlan M S, Holmstrom K E, Reth M, Berger U. Riverine discharge of perfluorinated carboxylates from the European continent. Environ Sci Technol , 2007, 41: 7260-7265
doi: 10.1021/es071471p
|
| 3 |
Higgins C P, Luthy R G. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediment. Environ Sci Technol , 2006, 40: 7251-7256
doi: 10.1021/es061000n
|
| 4 |
Giesy J P, Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol , 2001, 35: 1339-1342
doi: 10.1021/es001834k
|
| 5 |
Kannan K, Koistinen J, Beckmen K, Evans T, Gorzelany J F, Hansen K J, Jones P D, Helle E, Nyman M, Giesy J P. Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environ Sci Technol , 2001, 35: 1593-1598
doi: 10.1021/es001873w
|
| 6 |
Kannan K, Corsolini S, Falandysz J, Fillmann G, Kumar K S, Loganathan B G, Ali Mohd M, Olivero J, Van Wouwe N, Ho Yang J, Aldous K M. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries. Environ Sci Technol , 2004, 38: 4489-4495
doi: 10.1021/es0493446
|
| 7 |
Olsen G W, Church T R, Larson E B, van Belle G, Lundberg J K, Hansen K J, Burris J M, Mandel J H, Zobel L R. Serum concentrations of perfuorooctanesulfonate and other fuorochemicals in an elderly population from Seattle, Washington. Chemosphere , 2004, 54: 1599-1611
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.025
|
| 8 |
Kissa E. Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001, 97
|
| 9 |
Martin J W, Mabury S A, Solomon K R, Muir D C G. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem , 2003, 22: 196-204
doi: 10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0196:BATDOP>2.0.CO;2
|
| 10 |
Austin M E, Kasturi B S, Barber M, Kannan K, Mohan Kumar P S, Mohan Kumar S M J. Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ Health Perspect , 2003, 111: 1485-1489
|
| 11 |
Intrasuksri U, Rangwala S M, O'Brien M, Noonan D J, Feller D R. Mechanisms of peroxisome proliferation by perfluorooctanoic acid and endogenous fatty acids. Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst , 1998, 31: 187-197
|
| 12 |
Oakes K D, Sibley P K, Solomon K R, Mabury S A, Van Der Kraak G J. Impact of perfluorooctanoic acid on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity, circulating steroids, and reproduction in outdoor microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem , 2004, 23: 1912-1919
doi: 10.1897/03-190
|
| 13 |
Prevedouros K, Cousins I T, Buck R C, Korzeniowski S H. Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol , 2006, 40: 32-44
doi: 10.1021/es0512475
|
| 14 |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Federal Register. 2002, 67: 11008-11013
|
| 15 |
Martin J W, Ellis D A, Mabury S A, Hurley M D, Wallington T J. Atmospheric chemistry of perfluoroalkanesulfonamides: Kinetic and product studies of the OH radical and Cl atom initiated oxidation of n-ethyl perfluorobutanesulfonamide. Environ Sci Technol , 2006, 40: 864-872
doi: 10.1021/es051362f
|
| 16 |
Tomy G T, Tittlemier S A, Palace V P, Budakowski W R, Braekevelt E, Brinkworth L, Friesen K. Biotransformation of n-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamide by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver microsomes. Environ Sci Technol , 2004, 38: 758-762
doi: 10.1021/es034550j
|
| 17 |
Ellis D A, Martin J W, Mabury S A, De Silva A O, Hurley M D, Sulbaek Anderson M D, Wallington T J. Degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols: A likely atmospheric source of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Environ Sci Technol , 2004, 38: 3316-3321
doi: 10.1021/es049860w
|
| 18 |
Risha K, Flaherty J, Wille R, Buck W, Morandi F, Isemura T. Method for trace level analysis of C8, C9, C10, C11, and C13 perfluorocarbon carboxylic acids in water. Anal Chem , 2005, 77: 1503-1508
doi: 10.1021/ac0490548
|
| 19 |
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, So M K, Gulkowska A, Sinclair E, Okazawa T, Yamashita N. Analysis of fluorotelomer alchols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota. J Chromatogr A , 2005, 1093: 89-97
|
| 20 |
Schultz M M, Barofsky D F, Field J A. Quantitative determination of fluorinated alkyl substances by large-volume-injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-characterization of municipal wastewaters. Environ Sci Technol , 2006, 40: 289-295
doi: 10.1021/es051381p
|
| 21 |
Yamashita N, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Horii Y, Okazawa T, Petrick G, Gamo T. Analysis of perfluorinated acids at parts-per-quadrillion levels in seawater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol , 2004, 38: 5522-5528
doi: 10.1021/es0492541
|
| 22 |
Giesy J P, Kannan K. Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment. These bioaccumulative compounds occur globally, warranting further study. Environ Sci Technol , 2002, 36: 146A-152A
|
| 23 |
van Leeuwen S P J, de Boer J. Extraction and clean-up strategies for the analysis of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in environmental and human matrices. J Chromatogr A , 2007, 1153: 172-185
doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.069
|
| 24 |
González-Barreiro C, Martínez-Carballo E, Sitka A, Scharf S, Gans O. Method optimization for determination of selected perfluorinated alkylated substances in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem , 2006, 386: 2123-2132
doi: 10.1007/s00216-006-0902-7
|
| 25 |
Caliebe C, Gerwinski W, Hühnerfuss H, Theobald N. Occurrence of perfluorinates organic acids in the water of the North Sea. Organohalogen Comp , 2004, 66: 4074-4078
|
| 26 |
Schultz M M, Higgins C P, Huset C A, Luthy R G, Barofsky D F, Field J A. Fluorochemical mass flows in a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Environ Sci Technol , 2006, 40: 7350-7357
doi: 10.1021/es061025m
|
| 27 |
Kim S-K, Kannan K. Perfluorinated acids in air, rain, snow, surface runoff, and lakes: Relative importance of pathways to contamination of urban lakes. Environ Sci Technol , 2007, 41: 8328-8334
doi: 10.1021/es072107t
|
| 28 |
So M K, Miyake Y, Yeung W Y, Ho Y M, Taniyasu S, Rostkowski P, Yamashita N, Zhou B S, Shi X J, Wang J X, Giesy J P, Yu H, Lam P K S. Perfluorinated compounds in the Pearl River and Yangtze River of China. Chemosphere , 2007, 68: 2085-2095
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.008
|
| 29 |
Schultz M M, Barofsky D F, Field J A. Quantitative determination of fluorotelomer sulfonates in groundwater by LC MS/MS. Environ Sci Technol , 2004, 38: 1828-1835
doi: 10.1021/es035031j
|
| 30 |
Skutlarek D, Exner M, F?rber H. Perfluorinated surfactants in surface and drinking waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res , 2006, 13: 299-307
doi: 10.1065/espr2006.07.326
|
| 31 |
Saito N, Harada K, Inoue K, Sasaki K, Yoshinaga T, Koizumi A. Perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations on surface water in Japan. J Occup Health , 2004, 46: 49-59
doi: 10.1539/joh.46.49
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
