|
|
Search for a natural scientific measure of economy |
John E COULTER() |
Xiwangzhuang, Shuangqing Rd, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China |
|
|
Abstract Through human history, wealth has been measured in grain, gold, and, now, dollars. Though counterfeiting of coins and notes goes back a long way, it is only with electronic financial accounting in a global economy tainted by toxic loans and imaginary funds that there is an urgency to search for a realistic objective way to monitor and regulate what we are doing to our Earth and ourselves. Various schemes using analysis of utility functions, oil equivalents, entropy, energy, and other units have been tried and, while helping to understand some basic processes and flows, have always been swamped by the machinations of financiers and the attention big sums of money attract. Now, the concept of exergy, pioneered in Eastern Europe in the 1950s, is being researched, developed, and applied, especially in China, driven by the desperation to measure the reality beyond the twin specters of global financial and environmental crises. A rough inventory of the matter in the biosphere at the coordinate details of an angstrom and an appreciation of how humans harness and manipulate electromagnetic forces can be enlightening as to what is and is not sustainable. Without that understanding, any financial estimate and proposed stimulus packages or IMF reform will be wildly wrong and may even be headed in the wrong direction.
|
Keywords
climate change
financial crisis
energy
exergy
environment
|
Corresponding Author(s):
COULTER John E,Email:john@coulterexergy.com
|
Issue Date: 05 March 2011
|
|
1 |
Sraffa P. Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities.London: Cambridge University Press, 1960
|
2 |
Friedman D. Hidden Order: The Economics of Everyday Life.Canada: Harper Collins, 1996
|
3 |
Georgescu-Roegen N. The Entropy Law and the Economic Process.Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971
|
4 |
Rifkin J. Entropy: A New World Order.New York: Viking, 1980
|
5 |
Faber M, Niemes H, Stephen G. Entropy, Environment and Resources. (translation from German by Pellenahr, I.).Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987
|
6 |
Odum H T. Environment, Power and Society.New York: Wiley Interscience, 1970
|
7 |
Szargut J, Morris D, Stewart F. Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes. Monograph. 1988
|
8 |
Szargut J. Anthropegenic and natural exergy losses (exergy balance of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere). Energy , 2003, 28: 1047-1054 doi: 10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00089-6
|
9 |
Szargut J. Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications.Southhampton: WIT Press, 2005
|
10 |
Ranz-Villarino L, Valero A, Cebollero M. Applications of Szargut’s methodology to an exergetic account of Earth’s mineral capital. Paper delivered at Seminar on Contemporary Problems in Thermal Engineering, Silesia, Poland, 1998
|
11 |
Baumgartener S, Faber M, Schiller J. Joint Production and Responsibility in Ecological Economics.Cheltenham: Edward Egar Publishing Limited, 2006
|
12 |
Chen G Q, Chen B. Resource Analysis of the Chinese society 1980-2002 based on exergy. Energy Policy , 2007, 35: 2038-2050 doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.06.009
|
13 |
Chen G Q. Exergy consumption of the earth. Ecological Modelling , 2005, 184: 363-380 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.10.015
|
14 |
Chen B, Chen G Q. Modified ecological footprint accounting and analysis based on embodied exergy. Ecological Economics , 2007, 61: 355-376 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.03.009
|
15 |
Chen B, Chen G Q, Hao F H, Yang Z F. The water resources assessment based on resource exergy for the mainstream Yellow River. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation , 2009, 14: 331-344 doi: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2007.05.036
|
16 |
Chen B, Chen G Q. Exergy Analysis for resource conversion of the Chinese Society 1993 under the material product system. Energy , 2006, 31: 1115-1150 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2005.06.003
|
17 |
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill R V, Paruelo J, Raskin R G, Sutton P, van den Belt M. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature , 1997, 387(6630): 15 pmid:10.1038/387253a0" target="blank"> doi: 10.1038/387253a0 pmid:10.1038/387253a0" target="blank"> doi: 10.1038/387253a0
|
18 |
Bader R. Atoms in Molecules: A Quantum Theory.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1990
|
19 |
Exergy Flow Chart, Stanford University.http://gcep.stanford.edu/
|
20 |
Hermann W. Quantifying global exergy resources. Energy , 2006, 31: 1685-1702 doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2005.09.006
|
21 |
Cornelissen R. Thermodynamics and sustainable development: The use of exergy analysis and the reduction of irreversibility. Doctoral dissertation, University of Twente , 1997
|
22 |
Boulding K. The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, paper presented Sixth Resources for the Future Forum on Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy in Washington, D.C. 1966
|
23 |
Ricardo D. On the Priciples of Political Economy and Taxation. Dent, London , 1969 (first published 1817)
|
24 |
King F. Farmers for Forty Centuries.New York: Courier Dover Publications, first published 1911
|
25 |
Pivovarov S. Letter to the editor: Surface structure and site density of the oxide-solution interface. Jounal of Colloid and Interface Science , 1997, 196: 321-323
|
26 |
Atkins P, Jones L. Chemistry: Molecules, Matter and Change.4th ed. New York: Freeman, 2002, 593
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|