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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front Envir Sci Eng Chin    0, Vol. Issue () : 299-312    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0351-1
FEATURE ARTICLE
The energy-environment nexus: aerosol science and technology enabling solutions
Pratim BISWAS(), Wei-Ning WANG, Woo-Jin AN
Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Abstract

Energy issues are important and consumption is slated to increase across the globe in the future. The energy-environment nexus is very important as strategies to meet future energy demand are developed. To ensure sustainable growth and development, it is essential that energy production is environmentally benign. There are two temporal issues—one that is immediate, and needs to address the environmental compliance of energy generation from fossil fuel sources; and second that is the need to develop newer alternate and more sustainable approaches in the future. Aerosol science and technology is an enabling discipline that addresses the energy issue over both these time scales. The paper is a review of aspects of aerosol science and engineering that helps address carbon neutrality of fossil fuels. Advanced materials to meet these challenges are discussed. Future approaches to effective harvesting of sunlight that are enabled by aerosol studies are discussed.
Keywords energy-environment nexus      aerosol science and technology      fossil fuels      carbon dioxide conversion      solar energy      nanoparticle technology     
Corresponding Author(s): BISWAS Pratim,Email:pbiswas@wustl.edu   
Issue Date: 05 September 2011
 Cite this article:   
Pratim BISWAS,Wei-Ning WANG,Woo-Jin AN. The energy-environment nexus: aerosol science and technology enabling solutions[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 0, (): 299-312.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-011-0351-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/299
Fig.1  Energy portfolios of the US, China, and all nations. Current energy needs are primarily met by fossil fuels (data taken from Energy Information Agency, www.eia.gov and Ref. [])
Fig.2  (a) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as a function of total global anthropogenic emissions from 1950 to 2006. (b) Cumulative emissions of CO for various nations over the past 100 years. The contributions in 20 year increments are also illustrated. (c) Annual emissions of CO for USA, China and India from 1980 to 2006. China has the highest rate of increase in recent years, and is now the largest emitter of CO (data taken from Ref. [])
Fig.3  Contributions of aerosol science and technology in addressing aspects of the energy and environment nexus
catalystsproducts and conversion ratesreferences
photocatalytic reduction
TiO2 (P25)CH4 (0.24 μmol·g-1·h-1);HCOOH[10]
Cu-TiO2methanol (23.3 μmol·g-1·h-1)[11]
MWCNT-TiO2CH4 (14.66), HCO2H (18.6), C2H5OH; (29.8 μmol·g-1·h-1)[12]
Pt/Cu- N doped TiO2hydrocarbon (4.95 μmol·g-1·h-1)[13]
Ag-TiO2; Cu-Fe-TiO2-SiO2methanol(4.12 μmol·g-1·h-1), methane, ethylene[14]
Ti-β-zeoliteCH4 (24 μmol·g-1·h-1),[15]
TiO2 modified by enzyme and photosentinizerCO (250 μmol·g-1·h-1)[16]
CdSe/Pt/TiO2CH4(48 ppm·g-1·h-1), CH3OH 3.3,trace CO and H2[17]
Cu-TiO2/SiO2CO (60 μmol·g-1·h-1), CH4 (10 μmol·g-1·h-1)[18]
thermocatalytic reduction
Fe3O4CO2 to phenol was found to be as high as 7.6%, and ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid[19]
CeO2-xCO, H2 and CH4 were formed, with production rates of 1.9, 3.8, and 0.2 mL-1·g-1[20,21]
Pd/SrCo0.4Fe0.5Zr0.1O3-dCO (CO2 conversion rate was 15.8%)[22]
electrocatalytic reduction
Aza-macrocylic complexes of Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II)CO and/or formic acid are main products[23]
[Pd(triphosphine)-(CH3CN)]2+CO was the main product.[24,25]
Tab.1  A brief summary of various catalytic reactions for CO reduction
Fig.4  CO photoreduction with Cu-TiO/SiO particles with different Cu loadings prepared by a sol-gel method (adopted from Ref.[])
Fig.5  Experimental setup of furnace aerosol reactor system and a possible formation mechanism for Cu-TiO/SiO mesoporous composites
Fig.6  A typical Cu-TiO/SiO mesoporous particle prepared by the FuAR method at 800°C. The figure shows a TEM image, pore size distribution and adsorption/desorption curves of the particle
Fig.7  CO yields as functions of molar percentages of TiO (a), Cu (b), and total concentration (c) of the Cu-TiO/SiO mesoporous particles prepared by the FuAR method (adopted from Ref.[])
Fig.8  Characteristic time conditions for different film deposition processes: CVD, IPD, and APD [adopted from ].
Fig.9  Thin film growth mechanism with respect to the characteristic time for sintering and the time between arrival of deposited particles in ACVD (a) and SEM images of resulting TiO films (b)
Fig.10  The concept of a nano-bio hybrid device to harvest sunlight; and structure of the chlorosome (a) and schematic of a novel nanobiohybrid solar cells (b)
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