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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front Envir Sci Eng Chin    2011, Vol. 5 Issue (4) : 573-584    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0363-x
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Restoration of hyper-eutrophic water with a modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed
Jinzhong LI1,2, Xueju LI2, Shujuan SUN3, Xuegong LIU2, Suiliang HUANG1()
1. Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Numerical Simulation Group for Water Environment, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; 2. Tianjin institution of water Sciences, Tianjin 300061, China; 3. College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
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Abstract

A modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed (CSPB) which can be used to restore the eutrophic water is introduced in this paper. This plant bed helps hydrophyte grow under poor conditions such as frequently changed water depth, impaired water transparency, algae bloom and substantial duckweed in summer, which are not naturally suitable for growing hydrophyte. This pilot study in Waihuan River of Tianjin, China, revealed that reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) by the use of CSPB could be reached 30%–35%, 35%–40%, 30%–40% respectively in the growing season (from March to October) and 5%–10%, 5%–15%, 7%–20% respectively in the winter (from November to February) when the detention time was 6 d. The relationships between the concentration of COD, TN, TP and the detention time fit the first-order kinetic equation well and the coefficients of determination (R2) were all above 0.9. The attenuation coefficients k of the kinetic equation were a function of the water temperature. When the water temperature was quite low or quite high, k was not significantly changed with increasing or decreasing water temperature. While when the temperature was in a moderate range, an increase or decrease of water temperature would lead to a rapid increase or decrease in k.

Keywords modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed      water purification      eco-restoration techniques      aquatic plants      eutrophication     
Corresponding Author(s): HUANG Suiliang,Email:slhuang@nankai.edu.cn   
Issue Date: 05 December 2011
 Cite this article:   
Jinzhong LI,Xueju LI,Shujuan SUN, et al. Restoration of hyper-eutrophic water with a modularized and air adjustable constructed submerged plant bed[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng Chin, 2011, 5(4): 573-584.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-011-0363-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2011/V5/I4/573
Fig.1  The location of the pilot area
Fig.2  The transverse section of Waihuan River at pilot area
Fig.3  Layout of demonstration projects
Fig.4  Configuration of the submerged plant bed
plant speciesplanting depth/cmheight of plants/mnumber of bedsnumber of strains
Sparganium stoloniferum301.0-1.14900
501.0-1.14900
801.0-1.14900
Typha angustifolia301.0-1.14900
501.0-1.14900
801.0-1.14900
Scirpus tabernaemontani301.0-1.14900
501.0-1.14900
801.0-1.14900
Phragmites australis301.0-1.13675
501.0-1.13675
801.0-1.13675
Nymphaea tetragona300.3-0.52450
500.3-0.52450
800.3-0.51225
Tab.1  The plants species and planting depths in the experiments
Fig.5  Locations of sampling sections in the experiment
sampling sectionsthe distance from the inlet section/mretention time/d
1#(inlet section)00
2#600.73
3#1201.46
4#1802.19
5#2402.93
6#3003.66
7#3604.38
8#(outlet section)4505.48
Tab.2  The retention time of the sampling sections
Plant Typeplanting depth/cmnumber of plantsnumber of survivedsurvival ratio/%growth situation of survived plants
Sparganium stoloniferum3090073281.3growing well with many branches and sprouts
5090058765.2with some branches and sprouts
8090013515.0poor
Typha angustifolia3090068375.9growing well with many branches and sprouts
5090048654.0with some branches and sprouts
809009810.9poor with yellow color
Scirpus tabernaemontani3090070478.2growing well with many branches and sprouts
5090053159.0with some branches and sprouts
8090010411.6poor with no branches
Phragmites australis3067554680.9growing well with many branches and sprouts
5067534551.1with some branches and sprouts
8067513119.4poor with few branches and sprouts
Nymphaea tetragona3045031269.3growing well with branches and sprouts
5045017839.6with sprouts but no branches
802253515.6poor without branches and sprouts
Tab.3  Survival rate and growth status of plants in different water depths
Fig.6  Variations of COD concentrations and temperature with time
Fig.7  Variations of TN concentrations and temperature with time
Fig.8  Variation of TP concentrations and temperature with time
Fig.9  Variations of removal efficiencies and temperature with time
timewater temperature /°CCOD regression equation C(t) = C0 × e-ktTN regression equation C(t) = C0 × e-ktTP regression equation C(t) = C0 × e-kt
C0 /(mg·L-1)k /d-1R2C0/(mg·L-1)k /d-1R2C0 /(mg·L-1)k /d-1R2
2007.10.1718.2124.60.0220.99712.90.0250.9980.690.0150.998
2007.10.2214.5221.40.0240.98310.90.0460.9980.760.0490.999
2007.11.0513.1205.30.0220.99710.30.0120.9971.160.0480.999
2007.11.1211.0189.10.0190.9979.20.0290.9981.110.0450.998
2007.11.197.0198.50.0140.99710.20.0230.9980.920.0410.998
2007.11.266.2174.50.0170.9979.60.0160.9981.070.0450.998
2007.12.035.5159.20.0170.9979.40.0120.9970.760.0210.998
2007.12.104.3124.90.0190.9979.00.0140.9980.640.0180.998
2007.12.173.5175.30.0210.9689.70.0120.9970.700.0160.998
2007.12.244.0117.60.0070.9979.20.0110.9970.700.0220.998
2008.01.021.5173.00.0100.99710.90.0120.9590.800.0140.998
2008.01.072.0152.30.0060.99710.90.0120.9860.650.0270.998
2008.01.143.0170.70.0130.99812.00.0140.9950.700.0280.998
2008.01.211.8170.70.0100.99712.20.0220.9200.450.0490.999
2008.01.282.8154.60.0190.99813.70.0280.9400.680.0120.564
2008.02.255.3150.00.0160.99818.00.0300.9801.630.0650.999
2008.03.037.6152.30.0450.99819.80.0480.9991.360.0790.998
2008.03.1015.0165.30.0470.86719.60.0610.9991.420.0710.998
2008.05.0519.0186.80.0580.94121.90.0730.9981.500.0790.998
2008.05.1316.7136.10.0570.95922.10.0750.9981.600.0720.998
2008.05.1918.2143.00.0610.91119.70.0860.9981.220.0710.998
2008.05.2722.3159.20.0670.99817.90.0900.9981.430.0790.998
2008.06.0221.5140.70.0660.97113.80.0890.9981.210.0860.998
2008.06.1024.3183.20.0580.9488.50.0910.9980.790.0800.998
2008.06.1623.5179.90.0680.9695.80.0770.9980.690.0820.998
2008.06.2326.4152.30.0690.9863.90.0670.9980.650.0710.998
2008.06.3026.3113.10.0680.98117.30.0870.9981.150.0820.998
2008.07.0726.5171.60.0790.99816.90.0840.9980.980.0700.998
2008.07.1425.9170.70.0730.92811.80.0840.9980.830.0770.998
2008.07.1625.9133.80.0700.9189.70.0860.9980.730.0830.998
2008.07.2125.0168.40.0670.8058.60.0830.9980.480.0840.998
2008.07.2325.2113.10.0580.9106.80.0900.9980.560.0950.998
2008.07.2825.4152.30.0660.9796.30.0830.9980.460.0810.998
2008.07.3025.0155.70.0690.9627.50.0870.9980.450.0710.998
2008.08.0426.9132.30.0590.94216.30.0860.9980.590.0810.998
2008.08.0626.599.30.0810.97313.30.0920.9980.870.0850.998
2008.08.1126.3122.30.0720.97413.60.0820.9981.100.0780.998
2008.08.1327.2115.40.0680.95812.30.0840.9980.990.0870.998
2008.08.1825.3113.10.0630.95812.30.0900.9980.860.0820.998
2008.08.2024.190.10.0750.99010.70.0890.9980.850.0810.998
2008.08.2524.790.10.0750.99813.70.0800.9980.850.0810.998
2008.08.2724.8113.10.0620.98014.80.0870.9980.860.0820.998
2008.09.0325.7111.50.0590.99918.20.0840.9981.160.0940.998
2008.09.1025.0129.00.0910.99818.00.0870.9981.180.0890.998
2008.09.1728.1111.50.0640.99823.50.0880.9981.180.0920.998
Tab.4  Relationships of concentrations of COD, TN and TP with the retention time
Fig.10  Variations of and water temperature with time
Fig.11  Variations of of COD with water temperature
Fig.12  Variations of of TN with water temperature
Fig.13  Variations of of TP with water temperature
pollutantsfrom Mar. to Oct.from Nov. to Feb.
COD0.045-0.0910.006-0.022
TN0.048-0.0920.011-0.030
TP0.079-0.0950.012-0.065
Tab.5  of COD, TN and TP in the model/d
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