Water environment security indicator system for urban water management

doi:10.1007/s11783-012-0450-7

Front Envir Sci Eng

0, Vol.

Issue () : 678-691 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0450-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Water environment security indicator system for urban water management

Tian HAO, Pengfei DU(

), Yun GAO

School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

Water environment security (WES) is defined in terms of three aspects: first, that it meets basic demands due to industrial and domestic usage; second, that it protects public health from acute and chronic threats; and third, that measures are adopted to ensure sustainable ecological functioning of freshwater resources. Limitations associated with current water environment security indicators in China — including inefficiency in terms of environmental monitoring, inappropriate indicators and parameters that do not take sufficient account of local water characteristics, and a lack of management targets — leads to a failure of effective water management. To achieve better water environment management, a systematic approach, encompassing several steps including establish ideal indicator system and narrow down the scope, screen priority pollutants, identify local characteristics and organize discussion workshop, should be followed to establish a comprehensive water environment indicator system. A case study in Suzhou is included to demonstrate the detailed operational procedures used to assess the risks associated with poor management practices relating to water environment security as well as design an appropriate water environment security indicator system.

Keywords water environment security supervision and management monitoring parameter indicator system Suzhou

Corresponding Author(s): DU Pengfei,Email:dupf@tsinghua.edu.cn

Issue Date: 01 October 2012

Cite this article:

Tian HAO,Pengfei DU,Yun GAO. Water environment security indicator system for urban water management[J]. Front Envir Sci Eng, 0, (): 678-691.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-012-0450-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/678

Fig.1 Flow chart showing the procedures of establishing indicator system for WES

Tab.1 Ideal indicator system based on aspects of water environment security

Indicators/standards sources	US	EU	Japan	Dutch	China	detected in pollution sources	detected in drinking water sources	Chinese Surface Water Standard(GB3838-2002)
Arsenic	√				√	√	√	√
beryllium	√				√			√
cadmium	√	√			√		√	√
chromium	√				√			√
copper	√				√	√	√	√
cyanides	√				√	√		√
lead	√	√			√			√
mercury	√	√			√	√		√
nickel	√	√			√	√	√	√
thallium	√				√		√	√
molybdenum							√	√
cobalt							√	√
boron							√	√
antimony	√						√	√
barium							√	√
vanadium								√
titanium							√	√
ferrum							√	√
manganese							√	√
selenium								√
zinc								√
aldrin	√		√	√
chlordene	√		√
DDT	√		√		√			√
dichlorovos				√	√			√
dieldrin	√		√	√
endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate	√	√		√
endrin and endrin aldehyde	√		√	√
hexachlorocyclohexane(α,β,δ-isomers)	√	√		√	√
γ-hexachloroclohexane(lindane)	√	√						√
toxaphene	√		√
parathion				√	√			√
methylparathion				√	√			√
trifluralin		√		√
trichlorphon					√			√
dimethoate					√			√
atrazine		√						√
heptachlor epoxide								√
malathion								√
systox								√
chlorothalonil								√
carbaryl								√
deltamethrin								√
polychlorinated biphenyls(6 pcb arochlors)	√		√	√	√			√
dichloromethane	√	√			√	√		√
trichloromethane	√	√			√	√		√
tetrachloromethane	√		√		√			√
1,1-dichloroethane	√	√
1,2-dichloroethane	√			√	√		√	√
1,1,1-trichloroethane	√				√
1,1,2-trichloroethane	√				√
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane	√				√
chlorothene	√			√		√		√
1,1-dichloroethylene								√
1,2-dichloroethylene								√
trichloroethene	√		√	√	√	√		√
tetrachloroethene	√		√	√	√	√		√
chloroprene								√
hexachlorobutadiene	√	√	√	√				√
tribromomethane	√				√	√		√
chloral								√
epichlorohydrin								√
formaldehyde							√	√
acetaldehyde								√
Acra ldehyde	√							√
benzene	√	√		√	√	√		√
chlorobenzene	√							√
1,2-dichlorobenzene	√							√
1,4-dichlorobenzene	√							√
1,2,3-trichlorobenzene				√				√
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene	√	√						√
1,3,5-trichlorobenzene								√
1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene				√				√
1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene				√				√
1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene								√
pentachlorobenzene		√		√
hexachlorobenzene	√	√	√	√
toluene	√			√	√	√		√
ethylbenzene	√				√			√
styrene								√
phenylpropane								√
dimethylbenzene					√	√		√
nitrobenzene	√			√	√	√	√	√
2,4-dinitrotoluene	√				√			√
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene								√
p-nitrochlorobenzene				√	√			√
o-nitrochlorobenzene								√
m-nitrochlorobenzene								√
1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene				√	√			√
phenol	√			√	√
2,4-dichlorophenol	√				√			√
2,4,6-trichlorophenol	√				√			√
pentachlorophenol	√	√			√			√
dimethyl phthalate	√				√		√
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	√			√	√		√	√
butyl benzyl phthalate	√			√
di-n-butyl phthalate	√				√		√	√
di-n-octyl phthalate	√			√			√
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate		√		√
anthracene	√	√					√
benzo (a) anthracene	√	√					√
benzo (b) fluoranthene	√	√			√		√
benzo (k) fluoranthene	√	√			√		√
benzo (ghi) perylene	√	√			√
benzo (a) pyrene	√				√		√	√
fluoranthene	√	√			√		√
indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene	√	√			√
naphthalene	√	√			√		√
phenanthrene	√						√
fluorene	√						√
pyrene	√						√
acenaphthene	√						√
chrysene	√						√
diamine			√		√		√
aniline								√
di-n-propyl nitrosamine	√				√
benzidine	√							√
3-nitroaniline						√
acrylonitrile	√			√	√			√
tributyltin compound		√	√	√
petroleum pollution							√	√
azobenzene							√
active chlorine							√	√
tetraethyl lead							√	√
ar-oh								√
anion active agent								√
sulfide								√
sulfate								√
chloride								√
nitrate								√
acrylamide								√
hydrazine hydrate								√
pyridine								√
turpentine								√
trinitrophenol								√
n-butyl xanthate								√
methylmercury								√

Tab.2 Draft list of priority pollutants and their literature sources

Tab.3 Monitoring results of pollution sources in Suzhou

Tab.4 Detected pollutants and related catchments in monitoring program of drinking water sources in Suzhou

Tab.5 Framework of the indicator system for WES in Suzhou

frequency	drinking water source	cross-border section	landscape and recreational water
on-line	pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, COD_Mn, BOD, NH₃-N, TN, TP	acute toxicity on-line monitoring system
Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, Chla, transparency, algal density, species and abundance of cyanobacteria/chlorophyta/diatom/dinoflagellate, microcystis, microcystis which produces microcystin, microcystin, acute toxicity on-line monitoring system	Ar-OH, Cu, Zn, Se, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, fecal coli form bacteria on-line monitoring system, acute toxicity on-line monitoring system, algae online monitoring system, fluorescence analysis system trace the fingerprint, muti-indicaotr on-line monitoring system
once a week	Ar-OH, petroleum pollution, anion active agent, fecal coliforms, fluoride, cyanide, algal density, species and abundance of cyanobacteria/chlorophyta/diatom/dinoflagellate		pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, COD_Mn, BOD, NH₃-N, TN, TP, Ar-OH, petroleum pollution, anion active agent, fecal coliforms, Chla, transparency, grease, odor, float pollutants
once a month	CODMn, BOD, NH₃-N, TN, TP, Ar-OH, petroleum pollution, anion active agent, fecal coliforms, Chla, transparency, algal density, Cu, Zn, Se, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, fluoride, cyanide, sulfide
Fe, Mn, Be, Ti, Ni, Ba, nitrate, sulfate, chloride, asbestos, active chloride, yellow phosphorus, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (10), benzene, chlorinated benzene, nitrobenzene class(17), phenolic compounds (3), aniline (1), ring aromatics (1), esters and nitrosamines class (3),βhydrazine hydrate, tetraethyl lead, pyridine, turpentine, picric acid, butyl xanthate, formic acid, endosulfan sulfate, pesticides (18)		shigella, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, schistosomiasis, rotavirus, microcystin
once half year	sediment indicator: Cu, Zn, Se, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As, tribromethane,βformaldehyde, dichloroisocyanuric acetaldehyde, chlorobenzene, 2, 4-dinitro benzene, nitro chlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol, aniline, dibutyl phthalate, methyl mercury, PCBs, benzene and (a) pyrene, DDT, endosulfan
shigella, giardia cryptosporidium, schistosomiasis, rotavirus, Tl, Ag, alkyl mercury, methyl mercury, tetraethyl lead, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (10),benzene, chlorinated benzene(3), aniline (6), PAHs (6), ester (6),POPs (12),pesticides(10)
once a year	fish, shellfish, benthic phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, average size of fish, sea shore plant, vegetation coverage, average height of plants
total α, total β, U-238//234, Ra-226, Co-60, Cs-134/137, I-131, Th-232/230/228, nuclear test of peripheral blood red blood cells, micro-nucleus test inβvicia fabaβroot tipβcells, biological residue toxicity

Tab.6 Refined indicator system of WES in Suzhou (water body part only)

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