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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (1) : 42-53    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0499-y
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir
Qingwei BU1, Donghong WANG1(), Zijian WANG1, Junnong GU2
1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2. Water Quality Monitoring Center, Beijing Waterworks Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
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Abstract

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Management Strategies (CHEMS-1) approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach according to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half (53%) of the high-ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10−7 to 10−6, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.

Keywords identification and ranking      source water      deconvolution      risk assessment      Danjiangkou      South to North Water Transfer Project     
Corresponding Author(s): Donghong WANG   
Issue Date: 01 February 2014
 Cite this article:   
Qingwei BU,Donghong WANG,Zijian WANG, et al. Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(1): 42-53.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0499-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2014/V8/I1/42
Fig.1  Sampling sites of source water in Danjiangkou. Sampling sites: 1, XTPY; 2, TZS; 3, BQ; 4, CW; 5, LHK
parameter type of toxicity/criteria endpoint
human health effects acute rodent oral LD50
chronic weight of evidence for carcinogenicity
chronic other specific effects, including cholinesterase inhibitor, developmental or reproductive toxin, endocrine disruptor
environmental effects aquatic, acute fish LC50
aquatic, chronic fish NOEL
exposure persistence hydrolysis half-life, t1/2
bioaccumulation BCF
environmental occurrence frequency of detection
Tab.1  Parameters and endpoints used in the adapted algorithm
CAS No. a) contaminant chemical class frequency/% rank
weighted by frequency not weighted by frequency
218-01-9 chrysene PAH 80 1 (100) b) 2 (96)
91-20-3 naphthalene PAH 100 2 (99) 6 (76)
1918-11-2 terbutol carbamate 100 3 (92) 7 (70)
85-01-8 phenanthrene PAH 100 4 (91) 8 (70)
206-44-0 fluoranthene PAH 100 5 (86) 11 (66)
120-12-7 anthracene PAH 100 6 (85) 12 (65)
83-32-9 acenaphthene PAH 100 7 (75) 20 (57)
92-52-4 biphenyl biphenyl 100 8 (70) 22 (53)
90-43-7 o-phenylphenol phenol 100 9 (67) 23 (51)
129-00-0 pyrene PAH 80 10 (66) 15 (63)
132-64-9 dibenzofuran furan 80 11 (62) 18 (59)
3380-34-5 triclosan chlorinated phenol 60 12 (60) 5 (77)
108-95-2 phenol phenol 100 13 (52) 33 (40)
18181-80-1 bromopropylate benzilate 60 14 (50) 16 (63)
91-57-6 2-methylnaphthalene PAH 100 15 (48) 35 (37)
21087-64-9 metribuzin triazine 80 16 (45) 29 (43)
56-55-3 benzo[a]anthracene PAH 40 17 (43) 3 (82)
14214-32-5 difenoxuron urea 100 18 (42) 38 (32)
119-61-9 benzophenone ketone 100 19 (39) 40 (30)
84-65-1 9,10-anthraquinone quinone 80 20 (38) 36 (37)
2536-31-4 chlorflurecol methyl ester PAH, ester 60 21 (34) 28 (43)
135-98-8 sec-butylbenzene substitute benzene 60 22 (32) 31 (41)
122-39-4 diphenylamine amine, biphenyl 60 23 (32) 32 (41)
2463-84-5 dicapthon organophosphorus 40 24 (31) 17 (59)
52-85-7 famphur organophosphorus 40 25 (30) 19 (58)
50-32-8 benzo[a]pyrene PAH 40 26 (29) 21 (56)
86-73-7 fluorene PAH 100 27 (28) 41 (21)
205-99-2 benzo[b]fluoranthene PAH 20 28 (26) 1 (100)
119-90-4 o-dianisidine biphenyl 40 29 (22) 30 (43)
101-05-3 anilazine triazine 20 30 (21) 4 (79)
1420-06-0 trifenmorph morpholine 20 31 (18) 9 (70)
2597-03-7 phenthoate organophosphorus 20 32 (18) 10 (67)
207-08-9 benzo[k]fluoranthene PAH 20 33 (17) 13 (64)
92-67-1 4-aminobiphenyl biphenyl 20 34 (17) 14 (63)
1912-24-9 atrazine triazine 20 35 (13) 24 (51)
208-96-8 acenaphthylene PAH 20 36 (13) 25 (48)
57-97-6 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene PAH 20 37 (12) 26 (45)
541-73-1 1,3-dichlorobenzene substitute benzene 20 38 (12) 27 (44)
105-67-9 2,4-dimethylphenol phenol 20 39 (10) 34 (38)
626-43-7 3,5-dichloroaniline amine 20 40 (9) 37 (34)
26259-45-0 secbumeton triazine 20 41 (8) 39 (31)
134-62-3 N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide benzamide 40 42 (7) 43 (14)
58-08-2 caffeine botanical 40 43 (6) 46 (11)
78-59-1 isophorone ketone 20 44 (4) 42 (17)
78-40-0 triethyl phosphate organophosphorus 20 45 (3) 44 (13)
98-86-2 acetophenone ketone 20 46 (3) 45 (12)
Tab.2  Ranking results for contaminants from the adapted CHEMS-1 algorithm
Fig.2  Uncertainty scores versus hazard values of contaminants. Refer to Table 2 for compound number in the figure, which is the ranking order according to unweighted results
Fig.3  Contribution to uncertainty of different parameters for selected contaminants
contaminant TR range average
naphthalene Y 14.5–124.8 84.1
acenaphthene Y
phenanthrene Y 121.4−316.7 179.9
anthracene Y ND−15.84 7.36
fluoranthene Y 16.8−20.3 19.5
pyrene Y 7.48−60.1 22.2
chrysene Y ND−118.5 52.7
acenaphthylene
fluorene 13.1−33.8 20.4
benzo[a]anthracene 80.0−81.6 80.8
benzo[a]pyrene
benzo[b]fluoranthene
benzo[k]fluoranthene
Tab.3  Quantitative results of PAHs (n = 5; ng·L−1)
season age group gender DR CSF EF ED BWa) AT ILCR /( × 10−6)
summer young
(< 20 years old)
male 1.5 10 365 15 49.4 25550 0.3
female 1.0 15 46.2 0.2
middle-aged
(20−64 years old)
male 1.9 40 64.1 0.7
female 1.8 40 55.9 0.8
elderly
(> 64 years old)
male 1.8 70 58.0 1.3
female 1.7 70 49.6 1.4
winter young
(< 20 years old)
male 1.5 10 365 15 49.4 25550 0.3
female 1.6 15 46.2 0.3
middle-aged
(20−64 years old)
male 2.5 40 64.1 0.9
female 2.1 40 55.9 0.9
elderly
(> 64 years old)
male 3.1 70 58.0 2.2
female 3.2 70 49.6 2.6
Tab.4  Parameters and incremental life cancer risk for people of different age groups and genders in summer and winter.
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