|
|
Electrocatalytic debromination of BDE-47 at palladized graphene electrode |
Hongtao YU, Bin MA, Shuo CHEN(), Qian ZHAO, Xie QUAN, Shahzad AFZAL |
School of Environmental Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China |
|
|
Abstract Graphene electrodes (Ti/Gr) were prepared by depositing Gr sheets on Ti substrate, followed by an annealing process for enhancing the adhesion strength. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction patterns displayed that the electrochemical behavior of Ti/Gr electrodes can be improved due to the generation of TiO2 layer at Ti-Gr interface during the annealing process. The palladized Gr electrodes (Ti/Gr/Pd) were prepared by electrochemical depositing Pd nanoparticles on Gr sheets. The debromination ability of Ti/Gr/Pd electrodes was investigated using BDE-47 as a target pollutant with various bias potentials. The results indicated that the BDE-47 degradation rates on Ti/Gr/Pd electrodes increased with the negative bias potentials from 0 V to -0.5 V (vs. SCE). Almost all of the BDE-47 was removed in the debromination reaction on the Ti/Gr/Pd electrode at -0.5 V for 3 h, and the main product was diphenyl ethers, meaning it is promising to debrominate completely using the Ti/Gr/Pd electrode. Although the debromination rate was slightly slower at -0.3 V than that under -0.5 V, the current efficiency at -0.3 V was higher, because the electrical current acted mostly on BDE-47 rather than on water.
|
Keywords
graphene
palladium
debromination
BDE-47
|
Corresponding Author(s):
CHEN Shuo,Email:shuochen@dlut.edu.cn
|
Issue Date: 01 April 2014
|
|
1 |
Wang Y W, Jiang G B, Lam P K S, Li A. Polybrominated diphenyl ether in the East Asian environment: a critical review. Environment International , 2007, 33(7): 963–973 doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.03.016 pmid:17638602
|
2 |
Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen L E. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs—a review of levels and sources. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health , 2009, 212(2): 109–134 doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005 pmid:18554980
|
3 |
Law R J, Allchin C R, de Boer J, Covaci A, Herzke D, Lepom P, Morris S, Tronczynski J, de Wit C A. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere , 2006, 64(2): 187–208 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.007 pmid:16434081
|
4 |
Talsness C E. Overview of toxicological aspects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a flame-retardant additive in several consumer products. Environmental Research , 2008, 108(2): 158–167 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.008 pmid:18949835
|
5 |
Ahn M Y, Filley T R, Jafvert C T, Nies L, Hua I, Bezares-Cruz J. Photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether adsorbed onto clay minerals, metal oxides, and sediment. Environmental Science & Technology , 2006, 40(1): 215–220 doi: 10.1021/es051415t pmid:16433354
|
6 |
Li X, Huang J, Fang L, Yu G, Lin H, Wang L. Photodegradation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in nonionic surfactant solutions. Chemosphere , 2008, 73(10): 1594–1601 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.08.031 pmid:18842284
|
7 |
An T C, Chen J X, Li G Y, Ding X J, Sheng G Y, Fu J M, Mai B X, O’Shea K E. Characterization and the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 immobilized hydrophobic montmorillonite photocatalysts: degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Catalysis Today , 2008, 139(1–2): 69–76
|
8 |
Sun C Y, Zhao D, Chen C C, Ma W H, Zhao J C. TiO2-mediated photocatalytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether: kinetics and intermediates. Environmental Science & Technology , 2009, 43(1): 157–162 doi: 10.1021/es801929a pmid:19209600
|
9 |
He J Z, Robrock K R, Alvarez-Cohen L. Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Environmental Science & Technology , 2006, 40(14): 4429–4434 doi: 10.1021/es052508d pmid:16903281
|
10 |
Robrock K R, Korytár P, Alvarez-Cohen L. Pathways for the anaerobic microbial debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Science & Technology , 2008, 42(8): 2845–2852 doi: 10.1021/es0720917 pmid:18497133
|
11 |
Konstantinov A, Bejan D, Bunce N J, Chittim B, McCrindle R, Potter D, Tashiro C. Electrolytic debromination of PBDEs in DE-83TM technical decabromodiphenyl ether. Chemosphere , 2008, 72(8): 1159–1162 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.046 pmid:18472139
|
12 |
Nose K, Hashimoto S, Takahashi S, Noma Y, Sakai S. Degradation pathways of decabromodiphenyl ether during hydrothermal treatment. Chemosphere , 2007, 68(1): 120–125 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.030 pmid:17267017
|
13 |
Bhaskar T, Hosokawa A, Muto A, Tsukahara Y, Yamauchi T, Wada Y. Enhanced debromination of brominated flame retardant plastics under microwave irradiation. Green Chemistry , 2008, 10(7): 739–742 doi: 10.1039/b807370h
|
14 |
Bonin P M L, Edwards P, Bejan D, Lo C C, Bunce N J, Konstantinov A D. Catalytic and electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis of brominated diphenyl ethers. Chemosphere , 2005, 58(7): 961–967 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.099 pmid:15639268
|
15 |
Chetty R, Christensen P A, Golding B T, Scott K. Fundamental and applied studies on the electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of halogenated phenols at a palladised titanium electrode. Applied Catalysis A, General , 2004, 271(1–2): 185–194 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.02.059
|
16 |
Yang B, Yu G, Shuai D. Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl in aqueous solution using palladized nickel foam cathode. Chemosphere , 2007, 67(7): 1361–1367 doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.046 pmid:17141295
|
17 |
Xu Y H, Zhu Y H, Zhao F M, Ma C A. Electrocatalytic reductive dehalogenation of polyhalogenated phenols in aqueous solution on Ag electrodes. Applied Catalysis A: General , 2007, 324: 83–86 doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2007.02.049
|
18 |
Fiori G, Rondinini S, Sello G, Vertova A, Cirja M, Conti L. Electroreduction of volatile organic halides on activated silver cathodes. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry , 2005, 35(4): 363–368 doi: 10.1007/s10800-005-0798-5
|
19 |
Cui C Y, Quan X, Yu H T, Han Y H. Electrocatalytic hydrodehalogenation of pentachlorophenol at palladized multiwalled carbon nanotubes electrode. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , 2008, 80(1–2): 122–128 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.11.019
|
20 |
Li Y P, Cao H B, Zhang Y. Reductive dehalogenation of haloacetic acids by hemoglobin-loaded carbon nanotube electrode. Water Research , 2007, 41(1): 197–205 doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.020 pmid:17056091
|
21 |
Cui C Y, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H M. Adsorption and electrocatalytic dechlorination of pentachlorophenol on palladium-loaded activated carbon fibers. Separation and Purification Technology , 2005, 47(1–2): 73–79 doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2005.06.005
|
22 |
Saez V, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Kulandainathan M A, Marken F. Electro-deposition and stripping of catalytically active iron metal nanoparticles at boron-doped diamond electrodes. Electrochemistry Communications , 2007, 9(5): 1127–1133 doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.018
|
23 |
Chen G, Wang Z Y, Yang T, Huang D D, Xia D G. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of 4-Cholorophenol on the glassy carbon electrode modified by composite polypyrrole/palladium film. Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 2006, 110(10): 4863–4868 doi: 10.1021/jp055669c
|
24 |
Tsyganok A I, Otsuka K. Selective dechlorination of chlorinated phenoxy herbicides in aqueous medium by electrocatalytic reduction over palladium-loaded carbon felt. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental , 1999, 22(1): 15–26 doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00028-4
|
25 |
Cheng I F, Fernando Q, Korte N. Electrochemical dechlorination of 4-chlorophenol to phenol. Environmental Science & Technology , 1997, 31(4): 1074–1078 doi: 10.1021/es960602b
|
26 |
Bolotin K I, Sikes K J, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer H L. Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Communications , 2008, 146(9–10): 351–355 doi: 10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
|
27 |
Watanabe I, Sakai S. Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environment International , 2003, 29(6): 665–682 doi: 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00123-5 pmid:12850086
|
28 |
Hummers W S, Offeman R E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society , 1958, 80(6): 1339–1339 doi: 10.1021/ja01539a017
|
29 |
Yu H T, Quan X, Chen S, Zhao H M. TiO2-multiwalled carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays and their charge separation capability. Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 2007, 111(35): 12987–12991 doi: 10.1021/jp0728454
|
30 |
Wu Z S, Pei S F, Ren W C, Tang D M, Gao L B, Liu B L, Li F, Liu C, Cheng H M. Field emission of single-layer graphene films prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Advanced Materials , 2009, 21(17): 1756–1760 doi: 10.1002/adma.200802560
|
31 |
K?nenkamp R. Carrier transport in nanoporous TiO2 films. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics , 2000, 61(16): 11057–11064 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.11057
|
32 |
Fisher A C, Peter L M, Ponomarev E A, Walker A B, Wijayantha K G U. Intensity dependence of the back reaction and transport of electrons in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 2000, 104(5): 949–958 doi: 10.1021/jp993220b
|
33 |
Schlichthr?l G, Huang S Y, Sprague J, Frank A J. Band edge movement and recombination kinetics in dye-sensitized nanocrystalling TiO2 sollar cells: a study by intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 1997, 101(41): 8141–8155 doi: 10.1021/jp9714126
|
34 |
Franco G, Gehring J, Peter L M, Ponomarev E A, Uhlendorf I. Frequency-resolved optical detection of photoinjected electrons in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 1999, 103(4): 692–698 doi: 10.1021/jp984060r
|
35 |
Natsuhara H, Ohashia T, Ogawa S. Yoshida N, Itoh T, Nonomura S, Fukawa M, Sato K. Hydrogen-radical durability of TiO2 thin films for protecting transparent conducting oxide for Si thin film solar cells. Thin Solid Films , 2003, 430(1–2): 253–256 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00118-4
|
36 |
Chen S F, Wang C W. Effects of deposition temperature on the conduction mechanisms and reliability of radio frequency sputtered TiO2 thin films. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures , 2002, 20(1): 263–267 doi: 10.1116/1.1434971
|
37 |
Lee M H, Kim K M, Kim G H, Seok J Y, Song S J, Yoon J H, Hwang C S. Study on the electrical conduction mechanism of bipolar resistive switching TiO2 thin films using impedance spectroscopy. Applied Physics Letters , 2010, 96(15): 192909 doi: 10.1063/1.3400222
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|