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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (1) : 89-98    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0591-3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand for soil-related reuse
Haifeng ZHANG1,2, Lu SU1, Xiangyu LI1, Jiane ZUO1, Guangli LIU3, Yujue WANG1,2()
1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
3. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Abstract

The relationship between the chemical contaminants and soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand (WFS) was investigated. Five different types of WFS from typical ferrous, aluminum, and steel foundries in China were examined for total metals, leachable metals, and organic contaminants. The soil microbial toxicity of each WFS was evaluated by measuring the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of a blended soil and WFS mixture and then comparing it to that of unblended soil. The results show that the five WFSs had very different compositions of metal and organic contaminants and thus exhibited very different levels of soil microbial inhibition when blended with soil. For a given WFS blended with soil in the range of 10 wt.%–50 wt.% WFS, the DHA decreased almost linearly with increased blending ratio. Furthermore, for a given blending ratio, the WFSs with higher concentrations of metal and organic contaminants exhibited greater microbial toxicity. Correlation analysis shows that the relationship between ecotoxicity and metal and organic contaminants of WFSs can be described by an empirical logarithmic linear model. This model may be used to control WFS blending ratios in soil-related applications based on chemical analysis results to prevent significant inhibition of soil microbial activity.
Keywords waste foundry sand      toxicity      bioassay      soil microbial activity      waste reuse     
Corresponding Author(s): Yujue WANG   
Issue Date: 01 February 2014
 Cite this article:   
Haifeng ZHANG,Lu SU,Xiangyu LI, et al. Evaluation of soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand for soil-related reuse[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(1): 89-98.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0591-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2014/V8/I1/89
sample metal poured description
soil collected from an agricultural field in a suburban area south of Beijing
WFS1 iron SO2 cured hotbox and coldbox
WFS2 iron green sand mold and phenolic urethane core
WFS3 aluminum shell
WFS4 steel phenolic urethane no-bake
WFS5 iron Furan no-bake
Tab.1  Description of the soil and waste foundry sands (WFSs) used in this study
total metal (mg·kg−1 dry wt.) a) soil control WFS1 WFS2 WFS3 WFS4 WFS5 soils across China [22]
Al 24750.95 8302.62 8091.17 3143.17 1845.29 2529.83
Fe 23423.25 4289.01 3970.97 1799.57 4053.29 1622.40 10500−48400
Mg 10224.15 1425.00 1893.22 297.86 846.03 225.88
Mn 458.01 61.78 68.99 29.14 69.27 26.03 130−1786
Ag 0.61 0.02 0.10 ND b) ND ND
As 7.61 0.90 0.88 40.27 0.38 0.19
B 41.47 5.27 3.26 5.01 2.50 2.12
Ba 157.21 105.54 111.03 58.04 10.87 62.70
Be 1.09 0.18 0.19 0.05 0.03 0.07
Cd 0.17 0.01 0.03 0.22 ND ND 0.017−0.33
Co 9.83 1.23 1.13 0.39 2.11 0.62
Cr 39.03 181.81 4.12 14.11 580.65 4.75 19.3−150
Cu 26.82 1.92 6.23 3.70 2.07 2.61 7.3−55.1
Mo 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.27 0.28
Ni 25.51 2.21 1.70 1.14 6.24 1.68 7.7−71.0
Pb 17.41 1.69 2.86 1.57 1.94 1.41 10.0−56.1
Sb 0.14 0.05 0.19 12.54 0.14 0.01
V 33.12 9.97 7.53 4.01 14.02 3.08
Zn 56.30 6.96 36.09 102.29 8.92 4.89 28.4−161
sum 59272.90 14396.30 14199.75 5513.11 7444.02 4488.55
Tab.2  Concentrations of total metals of waste foundry sand (WFS) and soil control samples
leachable metals (µg·L−1) a) WFS1 WFS2 WFS3 WFS4 WFS5 TCLP regulatory limits [23]
Al 768.65 749.23 192.25 1946.18 1728.77
Fe 449.50 39.33 1563.50 888.70 4413.30
Mg 3531.94 5074.50 753.88 2492.55 712.51
Mn 615.50 636.13 43.80 527.82 143.63
Ag ND b) ND ND ND ND 5000
As 2.89 15.38 363.83 1.14 ND 5000
B 26.25 56.83 17.77 23.22 14.83
Ba 1276.57 1080.15 87.89 18.34 80.13 100000
Be 0.98 0.76 0.50 ND 0.15 20
Cd 0.49 0.58 5.44 ND ND 1000
Co 3.99 2.91 1.02 1.91 6.49
Cr ND ND ND 10.48 ND 15000
Cu 38.72 7.51 28.07 ND 9.87 100000
Mo 7.40 ND 9.26 4.63 ND
Ni 30.46 24.09 9.10 18.14 2.45 5000
Pb 72.10 118.22 98.48 ND ND 5000
Sb 23.81 17.69 30.08 7.43 ND
V 87.40 ND 23.80 ND 49.70
Zn 545.23 507.03 975.17 426.83 218.53 100000
sum 7481.88 8330.34 4206.64 6374.90 7380.75
Tab.3  Concentrations of leachable metals of waste foundry sand (WFS) samples
compounds(mg·kg−1) WFS1 WSF2 WFS3 WFS4 WFS5 regulated limits [29] TCLP regulatory limits [23] (mg·L−1)
toluene 47.27 112.55 1.54 NQ NQ 1
ethylbenzene 9.44 16.36 NQ NQ NQ 1
m,p-xylene 68.41 97.16 1.34 NQ NQ 4
o-xylene 20.02 34.50 0.43 NQ NQ
benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl- 83.29 79.03 NQ 4.93 0.77
phenol 675.94 479.84 146.88 27.61 189.72 3
phenol, 2-methyl- 403.32 267.83 15.81 NQ 5.48 30000
phenol, 4-methyl- 226.43 147.62 14.51 NQ 2.45 30000
naphthalene 11.12 2.00 0.05 0.53 1.23
naphthalene,2-methyl- 993.17 58.27 1.32 8.22 135.50
naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl- 630.33 27.79 0.54 11.65 55.79
fluorene 0.55 0.25 NQ NQ NQ
phenanthrene 1.98 0.62 NQ 0.60 NQ
phenanthrene, 2-methyl- 0.41 0.48 0.04 0.68 0.32
anthracene 0.82 0.63 0.06 0.62 0.19
anthracene, 1(2)-methyl- 0.40 NQ 0.04 NQ NQ
fluoranthene 0.60 0.34 NQ NQ 0.04
pyrene 0.46 0.22 NQ NQ NQ
benz[a]anthracene 0.39 0.17 NQ NQ NQ 1000
benz[e]acephenanthrylene 0.83 0.19 NQ NQ NQ
benzo[a]pyrene 0.36 0.06 NQ NQ NQ 1000
benzo[ghi]perylene 0.15 NQ NQ NQ NQ
sum 3175.69 1325.91 182.56 54.84 391.49
Tab.4  Concentration of different organic compounds in the waste foundry sands (WFS)
week sample dehydrogenase activity(μg INTP·g−1 dry soil·2?h−1)
WFS blending ratio
10?wt.% 30?wt.% 50?wt.%
8 soil 98.25
soil-WFS1 92.57 44.33 10.60
soil-WFS2 77.55 36.35 14.98
soil-WFS3 96.03 84.28 49.24
soil-WFS4 99.24 77.32 47.65
soil-WFS5 106.08 98.03 68.48
12 soil 113.96
soil-WFS1 86.82 51.89 16.62
soil-WFS2 90.84 59.51 38.07
soil-WFS3 97.31 72.76 65.95
soil-WFS4 107.68 76.71 66.76
soil-WSF5 104.59 88.83 84.23
Tab.5  Dehydrogenase activities of soil control and soil blended with 10?wt.%, 30?wt.%, and 50?wt.% waste foundry sands (WFS) at 8 weeks and 12 weeks
Fig.1  Correlation between the dehydrogenase activity of blended soil and the WFS blending ratio at (a) 8 weeks, and (b) 12 weeks
Fig.2  Correlation between dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of blended soil and contaminant content of the five WFSs: (a) total metals at 8 weeks, (b) total metals at 12 weeks, (c) organic contaminants at 8 weeks, and (d) organic contaminants at 12 weeks
Fig.3  Comparison between WFS blending ratios determined by bioassay tests and by Eqs. (3) and (4). A 25% decrease in DHA of blended soil was set as the control objective for this comparison
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