Total phosphorus concentrations in surface water of typical agro- and forest ecosystems in China, 2004–2010

doi:10.1007/s11783-013-0601-5

Front.Environ.Sci.Eng.

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Issue () : 561-569 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0601-5

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Total phosphorus concentrations in surface water of typical agro- and forest ecosystems in China, 2004–2010

Juan XIE¹,Xinyu ZHANG^1,^*(

),Zhiwei XU¹,Guofu YUAN¹,Xinzhai TANG¹,Xiaomin SUN¹,D.J. BALLANTINE²

1. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. Department of Environmental Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China

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Abstract

The concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) from 83 surface water sampling sites in 29 of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) monitored ecosystems, representing typical agro- and forest ecosystems, were assessed using monitoring data collected between 2004 and 2010 from still and flowing surface water. Results showed that, TP concentrations were significantly higher in agro-ecosystems than those in forest ecosystems both for still and flowing surface water. For agro-ecosystems, TP concentrations in the southern area were significantly higher than those in the northern and north-western areas for both still and flowing surface water, however no distinct spatial pattern was observed for forest ecosystems. In general, the median values of TP within agro- and forest ecosystems did not exceed the Class V guideline for still (0.2 mg·L^-1) or flowing (0.4 mg·L^-1) surface water, however, surface water at some agro-ecosystem sampling sites was frequently polluted by TP. Elevated concentrations were mainly found in still surface water at the Changshu, Fukang, Linze and Naiman monitored ecosystems, where exceedance (>0.2 mg·L^-1) frequencies varied from 43% to 78%. For flowing water, elevated TP concentrations were found at the Hailun, Changshu and Shapotou monitored ecosystems, where exceedance (>0.4 mg·L^-1) frequencies varied from 29% to 100%. Irrational fertilization, frequent irrigation and livestock manure input might be the main contributors of high TP concentrations in these areas, and reduced fertilizer applications, improvements in irrigation practices and centralized treatment of animal waste are necessary to control P loss in these TP vulnerable zones.

Keywords Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) total phosphorus (TP) surface water ecosystem type spatial variation

Corresponding Author(s): Xinyu ZHANG

Issue Date: 11 June 2014

Cite this article:

Juan XIE,Xinyu ZHANG,Zhiwei XU, et al. Total phosphorus concentrations in surface water of typical agro- and forest ecosystems in China, 2004–2010[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 0, (): 561-569.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0601-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/561

Fig.1 Distribution map of the terrestrial ecosystem monitored ecosystems in the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN).The different colors represent different ecotypes

Fig.2 Distribution of TP concentrations in surface water within agro- and forest ecosystems ((a) for still surface water, (b) for flowing surface water). Box plots labeled with different letters indicate that the differences in median concentrations between the two groups are significant (p<0.05). Boxes illustrate the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles, the whiskers indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles, the “–″ indicates the max and minimum percentiles, the “×″ indicates the 1th and 99th percentiles, the “·″ indicates the mean values. These descriptions also apply to Fig. 3 and Fig. 4

Fig.3 Box plot showing the distribution of TP concentrations in surface water within agro- ecosystems grouped by geographical region (a for still surface water, b for flowing surface water)

Fig.4 Box plot showing the distribution of TP concentrations in surface water within forest ecosystems grouped by geographical region

spatial region	monitored ecosystems	geographical location	MAP/(mm)	soil type	soil AP/(mg·kg^-1)	land use	application rate/(kg·hm^-2)	Still/(mg·L^-1)				Flowing/(mg·L^-1)
samples (sites)	median	max	>0.2 mg·L^-1frequency	samples (sites)	median	max	>0.4mg·L^-1frequency
north	Ansai	109°19′12″E 36°51′29″N	500	Loessial	18	Soybean-Millet	75	–	–	–	–	68(1)	0.07	0.59	4%
	Changwu	107°40′59″E 34°14′27″N	584	Loessial	18	Maize-Wheat	75	27(1)	0.04	0.10	0	18(1)	0.02	1.43	6%
	Fengqiu	114°19′43″E 35°00′40″N	597	Fluvo-aquic	11	Maize-Wheat	60-75	–	–	–	–	67(1)	0.09	0.70	9%
	Hailun	126°55′39″E 47°27′15″N	500-600	Black	36	Wheat-Maize	55-82.4	–	–	–	–	21(1)	20.8	41.66	100%
	Shenyang	123°22′05″E 41°31′06″N	650-700	Aquic brown	19	Maize	56.4-75	16(1)	0.09	0.13	0	17(1)	0.05	0.11	0
	Yucheng	116°34′13″E 36°49′ 51″N	582	Fluvo-aquic	27	Maize-Wheat	126.5	–	–	–	–	79(5)	0.05	1.82	13%
south	Changshu	120°25′08″E 31°19′46″N	1038	Red	24	Paddy-Wheat	180	60(1)	0.26	2.47	78%	121(2)	0.31	2.69	35%
	Huanjiang	108°19′12″E 24°43′18″N	1389	Calcareous	6	Maize-Soybean	135	5(1)	0.06	0.12	0	12(2)	0.01	0.42	8%
	Qianyanzhou	115°02′04″E 26°26′40″N	1542	Red	13	Paddy-Paddy	135	22(3)	0.05	0.16	0	13(1)	0.03	0.16	0
	Yanting	105°27′21″E 31°16′18″N	826	Purple	10	Maize-Wheat	160	45(1)	0.07	0.26	4%	88(2)	0.10	1.03	8%
	Taoyuan	111°26′26″E 28°55′46″N	1450	Red	11	Paddy-Paddy	160	12(1)	0.09	0.30	8%	24(2)	0.12	0.73	4%
	Yingtan	116°33′18″E 28°07′23″N	1785	Red	20	Peanut	135	69(7)	0.05	1.30	22%	77(6)	0.01	0.13	0
northwest	Akesu	80°51′40″E 40°37′49″N	45.7	Aeolian sandy	12	Cotton	172	11 (1)	0.02	0.04	0	21(2)	0.02	0.11	0
	Cele	80°43′39″E 109°19′12″N	35	Aeolian sandy	13	Cotton-Maize	126	22(1)	0.01	0.05	0	22(1)	0.02	0.59	5%
	Eerduosi	110°11′29″E 39°29′37″N	348.3	Aeolian sandy	–	Cotton-Maize	121.8	4(1)	0.14	0.18	0	17(1)	0.04	0.13	0
	Fukang	87°55′58″E 44°17′26″N	164	Aeolian sandy	21	Cotton-Maize	121.8	7(1)	0.12	0.34	43%	7(1)	0.14	0.26	0
	Linze	100°07′42″E 139°20′59″N	117	Aeolian sandy	24	Wheat–Maize	225	7(2)	0.18	0.80	43%	8(1)	0.16	0.23	0
	Naiman	120°42′00″E 42°55′47″N	340-450	Aeolian sandy	20	Wheat-Maize	135	9(1)	0.25	0.32	67%	14(2)	0.12	0.25	0
	Shapotou	105°00′01″E 37°16′04″N	180-220	Aeolian sandy	9	Wheat-Maize	105	–	–	–	–	17(1)	0.22	0.74	29%

Tab.1 Total phosphorus concentrations in surface water within agro-ecosystems

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