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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (6) : 945-951    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0615-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A potentiometric cobalt-based phosphate sensor based on screen-printing technology
Lei ZHU1,Xiaohong ZHOU1,2,Hanchang SHI1,*()
1. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Division of Ecology and Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
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Abstract

A potentiometric cobalt-based screen-printing sensor was fabricated by electroplating cobalt on the surface of a screen-printing electrode as the sensitive layer for the determination of dihydrogenphosphate (H2PO4-) in wastewater samples. The electrochemical performance of this sensor was fully examined to determine its detection calibration, detection limit, response time, selectivity, and interference with pH, various ions, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The cobalt-based phosphate sensor showed a phosphate-selective potential response in the range of 10-5 mol·L-1 to 10-1 mol·L-1, yielding a detection limit of 3.16 × 10-6 mol?L-1and a slope of -37.51 mV?decade-1 in an acidic solution (pH 4.0) of H2PO4-. DO and pH were found to interfere with sensor responses to phosphate. Ultimately, the performance of the sensor was validated for detecting wastewater samples from the Xiaojiahe Wastewater Treatment Plant against the standard spectrophotometric methods for H2PO4- analysis. The discrepancy between the two methods was generally ±5% (relative standard deviation). Aside from its high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability, which are comparable with conventional bulk Co-wire sensors, the proposed phosphate sensor presents many other advantages, such as low price, compactness, ease of use, and the possibility of integration with other analytical devices, such as flow injectors.
Keywords phosphate      cobalt      screen-printing technology      electroplate      wastewater     
Corresponding Author(s): Hanchang SHI   
Online First Date: 17 December 2013    Issue Date: 17 November 2014
 Cite this article:   
Lei ZHU,Xiaohong ZHOU,Hanchang SHI. A potentiometric cobalt-based phosphate sensor based on screen-printing technology[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(6): 945-951.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-013-0615-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2014/V8/I6/945
Fig.1  Photograph of the individual phosphate electroplating sensor
Fig.2  Potentiometric response of the phosphate electroplating sensor in different concentrations of KH2PO4 at pH 4.0
Fig.3  Potentiometric responses of three different batches of phosphate electroplating sensors in 10-4 mol·L-1 KH2PO4 at pH 4.0
Fig.4  Potentiometric responses of three different batches of phosphate electroplating sensors in 10-4 mol·L-1 KH2PO4 at pH 4.0
Fig.5  (a) Relationship between the potentiometric response of the phosphate electroplating sensor and the DO concentration in 10-4 mol·L-1 KH2PO4 solution at pH 4.0. (b) The calibration curves of the phosphate electroplating sensor with DO= 3 mg·L-1and 4 mg·L-1
Fig.6  pH calibration curve of the phosphate electroplating sensor in 10-4 mol·L-1 KH2PO4 solution
ion reagent range for measurement/(mol·L-1) selectivity coefficient ionic strength
Cl- KCl 5 × 10-2 5 × 10-3 5 × 10-4 2 × 10-3 3 × 10-3
N O 3 - NaNO3 5 × 10-3 5 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 1.5 × 10-3 1 × 10-3
S O 4 2 - K2SO4 5 × 10-3 5 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 8 × 10-4 2 × 10-3
C H 3 C O O - CH3COONa 5 × 10-3 5 × 10-4 5 × 10-5 4.5 × 10-4 2 × 10-3
Tab.1  Ion concentration range, selectivity coefficient, and ionic strength for ion interference evaluation
sample SPE method (uncorrected) results/(mg·L-1) standard method results /(mg·L-1) Max relative error/%
1 4.06 4.12 4.27 3.76 13.6
2 3.28 3.19 3.14 2.59 26.6
3 3.17 3.29 3.19 2.85 15.4
4 3.27 3.41 3.31 2.62 30.2
5 4.09 4.23 4.32 3.45 25.2
Tab.2  Determination of phosphate in wastewater samples (effluents from the primary settling tank) from Xiaojiahe wastewater treatment plant
ion concentration/(mg·L-1)
Cl- N O 3 - S O 4 2 - C H 3 C O O -
89.33 7.28 104.31 12.46
Tab.3  The concentrations of the four ions in the effluent from the primary settling tank of Xiaojiahe wastewater treatment plant
sample SPE method (uncorrected) results/(mg·L-1) standard method results /(mg·L-1) Max relative error/%
1 3.58 3.68 3.56 3.76 5.3
2 2.75 2.53 2.78 2.59 7.3
3 2.71 2.76 2.84 2.85 4.9
4 2.78 2.66 2.72 2.62 6.1
5 3.54 3.41 3.65 3.45 5.8
Tab.4  Corrected determination of phosphate in wastewater samples (effluents from the primary settling tank) from Xiaojiahe wastewater treatment plant
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