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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (2) : 206-215    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0631-7
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of mesoporous activated carbons from agricultural waste: Jerusalem artichoke stalk as an example
Lei YU1,2,3,Chen TU2,Yongming LUO1,2,*()
1. Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
2. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Abstract

This work explores the feasibility of Jerusalem artichoke stem (JAS), an agricultural waste, as an alternative precursor for fabrication of mesoporous activated carbon (MAC) via conventional ZnCl2 activation. The as-prepared JAS-MACs were characterized by thermogravimetric, nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm and high resolution scanning electron microscopy analysis. The interacting effects of chemical dosage, activation temperature and time on the mesoporosity, mesopore volume and carbon yield were investigated, and further optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, mesoporosity and mesopore volume of the JAS-MAC prepared under optimum condition were identified to be 1631 m2·g-1, 90.16% and 1.11 cm3·g-1, respectively. Compared with commercial activated carbons, this carbon exhibited a comparable monolayer adsorption capacity of 374.5 mg·g-1 for Methylene Blue dye. The findings suggest that RSM could be an effective approach for optimizing the pore structure of fabricated activated carbons.
Keywords mesoporous activated carbon      response surface methodology      adsorption isotherm      agricultural wastes     
Corresponding Author(s): Yongming LUO   
Online First Date: 07 January 2014    Issue Date: 13 February 2015
 Cite this article:   
Lei YU,Chen TU,Yongming LUO. Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of mesoporous activated carbons from agricultural waste: Jerusalem artichoke stalk as an example[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(2): 206-215.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0631-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I2/206
run independent variables responses
x1 x2 x3 X1 X2 X3 Y1 Y2 Y3
1 1 0 1 4.0 600 3 93.1 1.359 33.0
2 1 1 0 4.0 800 2 89.2 1.151 35.0
3 0 0 0 2.5 600 2 90.4 0.933 35.5
4 0 1 1 2.5 800 3 76.7 0.629 31.0
5 -1 0 -1 1.0 600 1 14.2 0.121 38.5
6 0 0 0 2.5 600 2 89.9 0.952 34.0
7 -1 1 0 1.0 800 2 11.4 0.074 35.5
8 -1 -1 0 1.0 400 2 23.3 0.200 44.0
9 0 -1 -1 2.5 400 1 59.5 0.452 43.5
10 0 1 -1 2.5 800 1 82.7 0.811 32.0
11 0 0 0 2.5 600 2 89.6 0.941 36.0
12 1 0 -1 4.0 600 1 94.7 1.544 34.0
13 -1 0 1 1.0 600 3 18.6 0.129 36.5
14 0 -1 1 2.5 400 3 70.3 0.640 38.5
15 1 -1 0 4.0 400 2 77.2 0.672 34.5
Tab.1  Box-Behnken design matrix and experimental results
Fig.1  3D surface graphs and contour plots of mesopore ratio showing the effect of (a) x1-x2, (b) x1-x3, (c) x2-x3
Fig.2  Overlay plot for optimal region
T/K Langmuir model Freundlich model Temkin model
Qm/(mg·g-1) KL/(L·mg-1) RL R2 KF/(mg·g-1) 1/n R2 A/(L·g-1) B R2
293 363.6 1.004 0.010 0.999 220.4 0.114 0.963 884.2 32.3 0.987
303 373.1 0.450 0.022 0.998 194.2 0.141 0.914 155.9 38.08 0.950
313 374.5 0.536 0.018 0.999 200.4 0.136 0.924 217.8 37.22 0.964
323 354.6 1.424 0.007 0.999 209.7 0.118 0.801 849.8 31.59 0.874
Tab.2  Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm constants of MB adsorption onto JAS-MAC
Fig.3  Isotherm plots for the adsorption of MB onto JAS-MAC (a) Langmuir isotherm (b) Freundlich isotherm, and (c) Temkin isotherm
C0 /(mg·L-1) qe,exp /(mg·g-1) Pseudo-first order Pseudo-second order intra-particle diffusion
qe,cal /(mg·g-1) k1 /min-1 R2 qe,cal /(mg·g-1) k2/(g·mg-1·min-1) R2 ki/(mg·g-1·h-1/2) C /(mg·g-1) R2
100 243.6 228.6 0.034 0.920 239.1 1.647 0.961 18.35 35.58 0.993
150 335.4 310.4 0.054 0.930 327.5 2.176 0.979 27.33 71.26 0.983
200 374.5 351.1 0.049 0.937 369.8 1.678 0.978 28.65 80.17 0.976
Tab.3  Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of MB onto JAS-MAC
Fig.4  Intra-particle diffusion plots for MB adsorption onto JAS-MAC
precursor activating agent BET surface area /(m2·g-1) total Pore volume /(cm3·g-1) mesoporous pore volume /(cm3·g-1) qm /(mg·L-1) reference
Jerusalem artichoke stalk ZnCl2 1631 1.22 1.10 374.5 present study
Piassava fibers ZnCl2 1190 0.47 0.01 276.4 [23]
rice straw (NH4)2PO4 1154 0.67 0.23 129.5 [40]
durian peel CO2 1015 0.66 NA 284.0 [41]
Pistachio nut shell KOH 700 0.38 296.6 [41]
rice straw H3PO4 790 0.48 0.18 107.1 [43]
Camellia oleifera shell H3PO4 1608 1.17 0.95 330.0 [44]
cotton stalk H3PO4 652 0.48 0.42 245.7 [7]
commercial powdered AC 1410 0.81 0.59 294.1 present study
commercial granular AC 581 0.32 0.10 35.3 present study
Tab.4  Comparison adsorption capacities of various activated carbons for MB
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