Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment

doi:10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2015, Vol. 9

Issue (3) : 394-401 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment

Yongshan CHEN^1,²(

), Xiuping XI¹, Gang YU², Qiming CAO², Bin WANG², François VINCE², Youwei HONG¹

¹. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
². School of Environment, THU-VEOLIA Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.

Keywords pharmaceuticals aquatic environment risk assessment aquatic toxicity risk quotient

Corresponding Author(s): Yongshan CHEN

Online First Date: 14 February 2014 Issue Date: 30 April 2015

Cite this article:

Yongshan CHEN,Xiuping XI,Gang YU, et al. Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(3): 394-401.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I3/394

Fig.1 Comparison between the measured environmental concentration (MEC) and predicted environmental concentration (PEC)

Pharmaceuticals	PEC₁	PEC₂	PEC_R1	PEC_R2	RQ from PEC₁	RQ from PEC₂	RQ from PEC_R1	RQ from PEC_R2
Sulfasalazine	10.000	0.098	0.098	0.048	13404.83	131.22	131.22	64.30
Amoxicillin	5.000	9.447	9.447	4.629	1351.35	2553.23	2553.23	1251.08
Rifampicin	3.000	0.314	0.314	0.154	460.12	48.20	48.20	23.62
Ranitidine hydrochloride	1.500	0.798	0.798	0.391	214.29	114.01	114.01	55.87
Azithromycin	1.500	0.262	0.262	0.128	78.95	13.78	13.78	6.75
Rifamycin SV	3.000	0.258	0.258	0.126	50.85	4.37	4.37	2.14
Niclosamide	10.000	0.610	0.610	0.299	50.00	3.05	3.05	1.50
Sulfamethoxazole	10.000	0.814	0.814	0.399	47.62	3.87	3.87	1.90
Streptomycin	5.000	0.522	0.522	0.256	46.73	4.88	4.88	2.39
Trimethoprim	2.000	0.999	0.999	0.490	36.50	18.23	18.23	8.93
Oxytetracycline	5.000	17.066	17.066	8.362	27.78	94.81	94.81	46.46
Indometacin	0.500	0.325	0.325	0.159	26.90	17.49	17.49	8.57
Erythromycin	5.000	0.295	0.295	0.144	22.73	1.34	1.34	0.66
Piperacillin	70.000	0.125	0.125	0.061	20.00	0.04	0.04	0.02
Benorilate	15.000	0.678	0.678	0.332	18.54	0.84	0.84	0.41
Phenacetin	9.000	1.700	1.700	0.833	18.52	3.50	3.50	1.71
Chloramphenicol	15.000	0.776	0.776	0.380	13.15	0.68	0.68	0.33
Ciprofloxacin	2.500	0.511	0.511	0.250	12.32	2.52	2.52	1.23
Chloroquine	2.500	0.188	0.188	0.092	9.77	0.73	0.73	0.36
Gliclazide	0.300	0.055	0.055	0.027	8.33	1.54	1.54	0.75
Naproxen	2.500	0.277	0.277	0.136	7.58	0.84	0.84	0.41
Lovastatin	0.225	0.196	0.196	0.096	6.18	5.39	5.39	2.64
Sulfaguanidine	20.000	1.803	1.803	0.883	5.92	0.53	0.53	0.26
Sulfamethazine	20.000	0.586	0.586	0.287	4.71	0.14	0.14	0.07
Clindamycin	6.000	0.150	0.150	0.074	4.56	0.11	0.11	0.06
Norfloxacin	4.000	0.619	0.619	0.303	4.38	0.68	0.68	0.33
Piracetam	12.000	1.859	1.859	0.911	4.34	0.67	0.67	0.33
Amantadine	1.000	0.751	0.751	0.368	3.91	2.93	2.93	1.44
Ofloxacin	2.000	0.408	0.408	0.200	3.77	0.77	0.77	0.38
Isoniazid	1.500	0.123	0.123	0.060	3.70	0.30	0.30	0.15
Ibuprofen	6.000	1.058	1.058	0.518	3.64	0.64	0.64	0.31
Aminophenazone	2.500	2.065	2.065	1.012	2.01	1.66	1.66	0.81
Thiamphenicol	7.500	0.055	0.055	0.027	1.85	0.01	0.01	0.01
Doxycycline	0.500	0.735	0.735	0.360	1.58	2.32	2.32	1.14
Cefotaxime sodium	20.000	0.559	0.559	0.274	1.54	0.04	0.04	0.02
Carbamazepine	5.000	0.082	0.082	0.040	1.33	0.02	0.02	0.01
Mefenamic acid	5.000	0.229	0.229	0.112	0.93	0.04	0.04	0.02
Levamisole	0.750	0.589	0.589	0.289	0.75	0.59	0.59	0.29
Phenobarbital	0.500	0.151	0.151	0.074	0.58	0.18	0.18	0.09
Clotrimazole	0.500	0.137	0.137	0.067	0.50	0.14	0.14	0.07
Cephalexin	10.000	1.655	1.655	0.811	0.47	0.08	0.08	0.04
Ketoprofen	0.750	0.051	0.051	0.025	0.33	0.02	0.02	0.01
Clarithromycin	2.500	0.078	0.078	0.038	0.31	0.01	0.01	0.00
Cefoperazone	20.000	0.386	0.386	0.189	0.30	0.01	0.01	0.00
Sulfadiazine	3.000	0.299	0.299	0.147	0.22	0.02	0.02	0.01
Roxithromycin	1.500	0.328	0.328	0.161	0.21	0.05	0.05	0.02
Methyldopa	5.000	0.028	0.028	0.014	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.00
Tetracycline	5.000	1.466	1.466	0.719	0.11	0.03	0.03	0.02
Antipyrine,phenazone	15.000	0.111	0.111	0.055	0.11	0.00	0.00	0.00
Diclofenac	0.500	0.290	0.290	0.142	0.09	0.05	0.05	0.03
Kanamycin	5.000	0.765	0.765	0.375	0.09	0.01	0.01	0.01
Meprobamate	6.000	0.119	0.119	0.058	0.08	0.00	0.00	0.00
Chlorotetracycline	5.000	0.090	0.090	0.044	0.06	0.00	0.00	0.00
Caffeine	2.000	1.749	1.749	0.857	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.03
Metronidazole	10.000	1.189	1.189	0.583	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.00
Chlorzoxazone	7.500	0.170	0.170	0.083	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00
Hydrochlorothiazide	0.125	0.061	0.061	0.030	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.01
Pipemidic acid	4.000	0.123	0.123	0.060	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00
Lincomycin	9.000	2.227	2.227	1.091	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.00
Moroxydine	1.500	1.041	1.041	0.510	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01
Cefazolin sodium salt	15.000	0.767	0.767	0.376	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cimetidine	4.000	0.104	0.104	0.051	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Sulfadimethoxine	2.500	0.008	0.008	0.004	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ampicillin	10.000	0.860	0.860	0.421	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cefuroxime sodium	2.500	0.160	0.160	0.079	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Amikacin	5.000	0.502	0.502	0.246	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ribavirin	5.000	0.284	0.284	0.139	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Fosfomycin sodium	15.000	0.542	0.542	0.266	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Aciclovir	20.000	0.153	0.153	0.075	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Griseofulvin	2.500	0.108	0.108	0.053	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Captopril	0.250	0.150	0.150	0.073	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Neomycin	5.000	1.258	1.258	0.616	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pyrazinamide	7.500	0.116	0.116	0.057	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ceftazidime	20.000	0.169	0.169	0.083	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Gentamicin	1.200	0.441	0.441	0.216	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ceftriaxone sodium	10.000	0.021	0.021	0.010	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Sulbactam	5.000	0.175	0.175	0.086	na	na	na	Na
kitasamycin	na	0.763	na	0.374	na	152.69	na	74.82
Furazolidone	na	0.188	na	0.092	na	3.14	0.00	1.54
Adefovir dipivoxil	0.050	2.527	2.527	1.238	na	na	na	Na
4-Acetamidophenol	na	23.165	na	11.351	na	2.52	na	1.23
Metamizole sodium	15.000	5.571	5.571	2.730	na	na	na	Na
Troxerutin	na	0.465	na	0.228	na	na	na	Na
Levocarnitine	10.000	0.009	0.009	0.004	na	na	na	Na
Etamsylate	na	0.175	na	0.086	na	0.52	na	0.25

Tab.1 Predicted environmental concentration (PEC, μg·L⁻¹) and risk quotient (RQ) for the investigated pharmaceuticals

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