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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 419-428    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0674-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil
Junxing YANG1,2,Liqun WANG2,3,Jumei LI2,Dongpu WEI2,Shibao CHEN2,Qingjun GUO1,Yibing MA2,*()
1. Centre for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
3. The Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and GIS, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, China
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Abstract

Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “in situ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd·kg-1 soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.
Keywords red mud      rape straw      cadmium      immobilization      calcareous soil     
Corresponding Author(s): Yibing MA   
Online First Date: 18 March 2014    Issue Date: 30 April 2015
 Cite this article:   
Junxing YANG,Liqun WANG,Jumei LI, et al. Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(3): 419-428.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0674-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I3/419
form/association Abbr. Step extraction method
water soluble WS 1 distilled water, 1:5, shaking 30 min
exchangeable EXC 2 1 mol·L-1 MgCl2, pH 7.0, shaking 1 h
EDTA-extractable EDTA 3 1% NaCaHEDTA in 1 mol·L-1 NH4OAc, pH 8.3, 1:10, shaking 2 h
easily reducible Mn ERMn 4 0.2% quinol in 1 mol·L-1 NH4OAc, pH 7.0, 1:10, shaking 1 h
carbonate CA 5 0.5 mol·L-1 NaOAc-0.5 mol·L-1 HOAc, pH 4.74, 1:10, soaking 15 hand shaking 3 h
organic matter OM 6 5 mL 30% H2O2, pH 4.74, digested twice at 85°C and extracted by 0.5 mol·L-1 NaOAc-0.5 mol·L-1 HOAc for 1 h
Fe and Al oxides FeOx 7 0.175 mol·L-1 (NH4)2C2O4 -0.100 mol·L-1 H2C2O4, pH 3.25, 1:10, soaking 15 h and shaking 2 h in daylight
residual forms RES 8 total minus sum of the extractable
Tab.1  Procedure for the sequential extraction of Cd from amended soils
Fig.1  Concentrations of NH4Ac extractable Cd (mg·kg-1) under the 2 (a) and 5 (b) mg·kg-1 Cd exposures as affected by different amendments added to soils after 1 month and 4 months. CK1 and CK2 indicated 2 and 5 mg·kg-1 Cd exposures, respectively. CS, corn straw; ZT, zeolite; RM, red mud; RMa, acid-treated RM; RMna, nano and acid-treated RM; RMn, nano-treated RM; RS, rape straw
Cd addition /(mg·kg-1 soil) amendments shoot Cd concentration/(mg·kg-1) shoot Cd uptake/(mg·plant-1) shoot yield/(g·plant-1)
2 CK 0.193±0.003 a 0.220±0.013 a 1.14±0.12 a
RM 0.143±0.009 cd 0.168±0.021 c 1.18±0.07 a
RMn 0.128±0.008 e 0.150±0.017 d 1.17±0.16 a
RMa 0.138±0.007 d 0.157±0.023 d 1.14±0.08 a
RMna 0.133±0.006 de 0.150±0.011 d 1.13±0.13 a
ZT 0.171±0.010 b 0.195±0.015 b 1.14±0.13 a
CS 0.154±0.005 c 0.183±0.026 bc 1.19±0.13 a
RS 0.127±0.004 e 0.154±0.018 d 1.21±0.11 a
5 CK 0.388±0.009a 0.419±0.034 a 1.08±0.09 a
RM 0.266±0.004 c 0.295±0.025 d 1.11±0.17a
RMn 0.212±0.014 e 0.244±0.029 f 1.15±0.09 a
RMa 0.242±0.005 d 0.286±0.014 de 1.18±0.13 a
RMna 0.237±0.009 d 0.268±0.019 e 1.13±0.09 a
ZT 0.309±0.010 b 0.362±0.031 b 1.17±0.20 a
CS 0.278±0.008 bc 0.317±0.029 c 1.14±0.08 a
RS 0.214±0.006 e 0.248±0.024 f 1.16±0.07 a
Tab.2  Shoot yield and concentrations and uptake of Cd in cucumber plants in response to different amendments under the 2 and 5 mg·kg-1 Cd exposures
Fig.2  Speciation of Cd in 2 (a) and 5 (b) mg·kg-1 Cd soils after treatment with various amendments. WS, water soluble; EXC, exchangeable; EDTA, EDTA-extractable; ERMn, easily reducible Mn; CA, carbonate; OM, organic matter; FeOx, Fe and Al oxides; RES, residual forms
Cd addition/(mg·kg-1 soil) amendments pH WS EXC EDTA ERMn CA OM FeOx RES
2 CK 8.11 0.009±0.002a 0.41±0.011a 0.51±0.020b 0.121±0.004a 0.120±0.006b 0.112±0.002b 0.306±0.005b 0.412±0.026b
RM 8.14 0.006±0.001bc 0.27±0.016bc 0.51±0.016b 0.125±0.010a 0.140±0.004a 0.111±0.003b 0.362±0.016a 0.476±0.008a
RMn 8.16 0.005±0.001c 0.25±0.006c 0.52±0.014b 0.122±0.003a 0.137±0.005a 0.110±0.007b 0.374±0.012a 0.482±0.022a
RMa 8.09 0.007±0.002b 0.29±0.009b 0.52±0.015b 0.122±0.007a 0.139±0.006a 0.102±0.004b 0.363±0.015a 0.457±0.018a
RMna 8.1 0.006±0.001bc 0.26±0.011bc 0.52±0.015b 0.122±0.017a 0.137±0.012a 0.110±0.005b 0.374±0.006a 0.471±0.021a
ZT 8.02 0.007±0.002b 0.30±0.015b 0.62±0.028a 0.113±0.009a 0.136±0.004a 0.106±0.003b 0.315±0.006b 0.403±0.023b
CS 8.08 0.007±0.002b 0.31±0.023b 0.63±0.022a 0.119±0.015a 0.124±0.012b 0.122±0.011a 0.300±0.026b 0.388±0.021b
RS 8.07 0.005±0.001c 0.24±0.026c 0.68±0.037a 0.114±0.016a 0.126±0.017b 0.129±0.009a 0.301±0.024b 0.405±0.032b
5 CK 8.1 0.014±0.003a 1.11±0.033a 1.22±0.042b 0.30±0.013a 0.27±0.011ab 0.37±0.016b 0.77±0.026a 0.95±0.025ab
RM 8.12 0.007±0.002c 0.88±0.026cd 1.26±0.028b 0.29±0.013a 0.29±0.015a 0.36±0.018b 0.81±0.011a 1.10±0.035a
RMn 8.14 0.006±0.001c 0.85±0.017cd 1.30±0.037b 0.30±0.017a 0.30±0.026a 0.34±0.020b 0.82±0.014a 1.08±0.034a
RMa 8.08 0.009±0.002b 0.87±0.019cd 1.30±0.036b 0.29±0.018a 0.28±0.013ab 0.36±0.011b 0.80±0.029a 1.09±0.059a
RMna 8.06 0.008±0.002bc 0.86±0.032cd 1.29±0.027b 0.29±0.016a 0.30±0.013a 0.34±0.012b 0.81±0.016a 1.10±0.033a
ZT 7.99 0.009±0.002b 0.91±0.021c 1.40±0.035a 0.29±0.021a 0.27±0.012ab 0.35±0.016b 0.78±0.023a 0.99±0.036ab
CS 8.03 0.009±0.002b 0.96±0.012bc 1.41±0.042a 0.26±0.018b 0.26±0.011b 0.49±0.027a 0.77±0.021a 0.84±0.025b
RS 8.05 0.006±0.001c 0.84±0.022d 1.46±0.036a 0.28±0.023ab 0.27±0.016ab 0.51±0.025a 0.78±0.034a 0.86±0.028b
Tab.3  Concentrations of Cd (mg·kg-1) in various fractions as affected by different amendments under the 2 and 5 mg·kg-1 Cd exposures
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