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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    0, Vol. Issue () : 103-113    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0686-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Distribution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the typical eco-units of Haihe River Basin
Jingling LIU1,*(),Tao YANG1,Qiuying CHEN1,2,Feng LIU1,Binbin WANG1
1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control & School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2. College of Chemistry and Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
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Abstract

The distribution and characteristics of seven heavy metals in sediments located in the typical ecological units (eco-units) (e.g., rivers, lakes, and estuaries) of Haihe River Basin were analyzed. The Hakanson potential ecological risk index was used for ecological risk assessment. The results indicated that the concentration scales of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the eco-units were 2.08 to 24.80 mg·g−1, 0.01 to 1135.50 mg·g−1, 28.70 to 152.73 mg·g−1, 0.03 to 195765.83 mg·g−1, 8.65 to 157.82 mg·g−1, 6.47 to 178.61 mg·g−1, and 21.09 to 1076.25 mg·g−1, respectively. The maximum concentrations of Hg, Cd, and Zn showed higher levels than other water bodies around the world. Hg and Cd have high concentrations in Zhangweinanhe River (1135.50 and 195765.83 mg·g−1, respectively) and Haihe Estuary (790.50 and 548.47 mg·g−1, respectively). According to the ecological factor, Cd and Hg showed very strong ecological risks. The seven heavy metals, namely, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn, exhibited ecological risk levels in descending order. Based on the potential ecological risk index, Luanhe River and Baiyangdian Lake had moderate ecological risks, whereas every site in Zhangweinanhe River and Haihe Estuary had substantial risk levels. The risk order of the typical eco-units are as follows: Zhangweinan River (2278345.68)>Estuary (161914.74)>Luanhe River (191.54)>Baiyangdian Lake (120.95). These results provided a scientific basis for water environment improvement and risk management of the Haihe River Basin.
Keywords Haihe River Basin      ecological risk      eco-units      heavy metals     
Corresponding Author(s): Jingling LIU   
Online First Date: 28 March 2014    Issue Date: 03 December 2015
 Cite this article:   
Jingling LIU,Tao YANG,Qiuying CHEN, et al. Distribution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the typical eco-units of Haihe River Basin[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 0, (): 103-113.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0686-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y0/V/I/103
Fig.1  Location of the Haihe River Basin in China
Fig.2  Sample sites of the typical eco-units in the Haihe River Basin
river site longitude (°) E latitude (°) N land use type
Luanhe River Guotaizi 119.74284 40.89957 WB
Guojiatun 117.08100 41.59167 DL
Boluonuo 117.32545 41.09882 DL
Zhangbaiwan 116.5926 41.41383 DL
Sandaohezi 116.83696 41.63786 RL, DL
Xiahenan 117.31678 41.37559 DL
Hanjiaying 117.12431 41.57583 RL, DL
Wulieheshang 117.97490 41.03924 DL
Wuliehexia 117.97215 41.01489 RL, DL
Baohekou 113.06223 36.22734 DL
Zhangweinan River Yuecheng 114.17436 36.29398 WB
Xiaonanhai 114.09004 35.99878 WB
Xinxiang 113.91921 35.31624 RL, DL
Weihui 114.09148 35.42318 DL
Longwangmiao 114.19543 35.45305 DL
Guantao 115.31852 36.53902 RL, DL
Dezhou 113.09784 35.16449 DL
Xinjizha 117.59093 38.07128 WB
Baiyangdian Lake Wangjiazhai 116.00493 38.91501 WB
Guangdianzhangzhuang 116.03256 38.89751 WB
Zaolinzhuang 115.68590 38.63226 WB
Guolikou 116.01857 38.93325 WB
Duancunshang 115.94235 38.8462 WB
Datianzhuang 116.09973 38.87329 WB
Caiputai 116.02466 38.82398 WB
Quantou 116.09907 38.86691 WB
Dazhangzhuang 116.86691 38.95467 WB
Nanliuzhuang 116.39416 39.15888 RL, WB
Estuary Haihe Estuary 117.79102 39.00236 WB
Duliujian Estuary 117.70566 38.78129 WB
Ziyaxin Estuary 117.55879 38.65883 WB
Zhangweinan Estuary 117.59051 38.07114 WB
Tuhai Estuary 118.06043 37.99729 WB
Tab.1  Location of the sampling sites for the typical eco-units
potential eco-risk factor, E r i potential eco-risk index, RI
critical range for ith heavy metal eco-risk factor grade critical range for the seven heavy metals eco-risk index grade
E r i < 40 low RI < 110 low
40 < E r i < 80 moderate 110 ≤ RI < 220 moderate
80 < E r i < 160 considerable 220 ≤ RI < 440 high
160 < E r i < 320 high RI ≥ 440 very high
E r i > 320 very high
Tab.2  Indices and grades of potential eco-risk assessment
Fig.3  Concentration of heavy metals in sediments along Luanhe River
River Site As Hg Cr Cd Pb Cu Zn
Zhangweinan River Yuecheng 10.83 21.00 64.52 142.82 21.65 23.21 60.70
Xiaonanhai 8.46 84.00 65.90 370.28 38.93 60.14 114.35
Xinxiang 7.48 1135.50 121.33 195765.83 40.78 148.94 1076.25
Weihui 11.58 266.00 84.16 27272.25 31.77 43.03 264.81
Longwangmiao 15.28 470.50 130.18 4319.43 62.34 88.48 574.88
Guantao 3.96 162.00 56.79 411.90 20.96 16.47 84.56
Dezhou 9.82 358.50 64.83 146.27 25.49 26.17 62.13
Xinjizha 12.09 31.00 67.85 188.28 22.45 23.78 71.16
average 9.94 316.06 81.9 28577.13 33.05 53.78 288.61
standard deviation 3.39 367.53 28.2 68194.95 14.14 45.36 363.60
coefficient of variation/% 0.34 1.16 0.34 2.39 0.43 0.84 1.26
Baiyangdian Lake Wangjiazhai 9.50 0.04 69.00 0.30 25.00 23.00 68.00
Guangdianzhangzhuang 10.50 0.03 69.00 0.20 25.00 22.00 61.00
Zaolinzhuang 10.30 0.05 64.00 0.12 22.00 20.00 52.00
Guolikou 24.80 0.04 59.00 0.13 23.00 21.00 56.00
Duancunshang 7.90 0.04 58.00 0.12 20.00 19.00 53.00
Datianzhuang 12.30 0.04 69.00 0.27 24.00 25.00 80.00
Caiputai 4.70 0.06 64.00 0.12 21.00 20.00 58.00
Quantou 10.80 0.03 84.00 0.26 26.00 29.00 85.00
Dazhangzhuang 10.80 0.05 67.00 0.18 22.00 23.00 67.00
Nanliuzhuang 9.30 0.06 83.00 0.90 30.00 35.00 112.00
average 11.09 0.04 68.60 0.26 23.80 23.70 69.20
standard deviation 5.24 0.01 8.78 0.23 2.90 4.92 18.65
coefficient of variation/% 0.47 0.24 0.13 0.90 0.12 0.21 0.27
Estuary Haihe Estuary 11.84 790.50 102.63 548.47 157.82 56.42 217.98
Duliujian Estuary 12.35 49.50 84.92 216.01 31.08 36.66 114.87
Ziyaxin Estuary 15.28 61.50 88.25 187.25 31.73 34.82 102.92
Zhangweinan Estuary 12.09 31.00 67.85 188.28 22.45 23.78 71.16
Tuhai Estuary 9.82 21.50 61.95 171.10 18.71 19.28 55.28
average 12.28 190.80 81.12 262.22 52.36 34.19 112.44
standard deviation 1.95 335.61 16.37 160.83 59.22 14.42 63.65
coefficient of variation/% 0.16 1.76 0.20 0.61 1.13 0.42 0.57
Tab.3  Concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of typical eco-units
A1 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
As 24.80 — 29.90 — — — — — — — —
Hg 1135.50 — 1.40 0.50 6.20 — — — — — —
Cr 152.70 1779.00 205.00 73.70 — — 19.10 — — 23.40 —
Cd 195765.80 — 3.4.00 0.30 3.80 25320.00 8.40 2.10 4.30 1.10
Pb 157.80 220.00 98.00 113.00 62.00 3600.00 75.30 85.00 98.50 189.00 68.40
Cu 178.60 1249.00 129.90 54.60 6495.00 — 35.00 280.00 90.10 420.80 48.20
Zn 1076.30 1337.00 1142.00 83.10 439.00 — 101.70 221.00 305.00 708.80 245.20
Reference This study [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]
Tab.4  Maximum heavy metal concentrations in the sediments in this study and in other literature
Fig.4  Average heavy metal concentrations in typical eco-units

Note: LS= Luanhe sediment, ZS= Zhangweinanhe sediment, BS= Baiyangdian sediment, and ES= Estuary sediment

River site E r i of seven heavy metals RI
As Hg Cr Cd Pb Cu Zn
Luanhe River Guotaizi 11.35 7.50 7.07 2.14 3.45 0.72 0.38 32.60
Guojiatun 9.04 7.50 5.80 2.14 3.73 0.65 0.31 29.18
Boluonuo 34.30 150.00 13.15 20.71 8.11 3.48 1.35 231.11
Zhangbaiwan 12.13 15.00 5.32 2.86 3.50 0.96 0.40 40.18
Sandaohezi 9.78 15.00 28.34 9.29 1.89 7.44 1.54 73.28
Xiahenan 17.13 7.50 6.66 5.71 3.89 1.16 0.64 42.69
Hanjiaying 10.57 15.00 11.51 10.71 1.83 17.86 1.64 69.12
Wulieheshang 30.17 52.50 18.51 16.43 6.94 4.58 1.49 130.63
Wuliehexia 33.26 1042.50 19.95 26.43 7.93 5.69 2.38 1138.14
Baohekou 56.09 37.50 16.29 8.57 5.55 3.46 1.02 128.47
average 22.38 135.00 13.26 10.50 4.68 4.60 1.12 191.54 (moderate)
Zhangweinan River Yuecheng 47.09 15750.00 11.97 10201.43 4.59 2.32 0.90 26018.29
Xiaonanhai 36.78 63000.00 12.23 26448.57 8.25 6.01 1.69 89513.53
Xinxiang 32.52 851625.00 22.51 13983273.57 8.64 14.89 15.90 14834993.03
Weihui 50.35 199500.00 15.61 1948017.86 6.73 4.30 3.91 2147598.76
Longwangmiao 66.43 352875.00 24.15 308530.71 13.21 8.85 8.49 661526.85
Guantao 17.22 121500.00 10.54 29421.43 4.44 1.65 1.25 150956.52
Dezhou 42.70 268875.00 12.03 10447.86 5.40 2.62 0.92 279386.52
Xinjizha 52.57 23250.00 12.58 13448.57 4.76 2.38 1.05 36771.91
average 43.21 237046.88 15.20 2041223.75 7.00 5.38 4.26 2278345.68(very high)
Baiyangdian Lake Wangjiazhai 41.30 30.00 12.80 21.43 5.30 2.30 1.00 114.14
Guangdianzhangzhuang 45.65 22.50 12.80 14.29 5.30 2.20 0.90 103.64
Zaolinzhuang 44.78 37.50 11.87 8.57 4.66 2.00 0.77 110.16
Guolikou 107.83 30.00 10.95 9.29 4.87 2.10 0.83 165.86
Duancunshang 34.35 30.00 10.76 8.57 4.24 1.90 0.78 90.60
Datianzhuang 53.48 30.00 12.80 19.29 5.08 2.50 1.18 124.33
Caiputai 20.43 45.00 11.87 8.57 4.45 2.00 0.86 93.19
Quantou 46.96 22.50 15.58 18.57 5.51 2.90 1.26 113.28
Dazhangzhuang 46.96 37.50 12.43 12.86 4.66 2.30 0.99 117.69
Nanliuzhuang 40.43 45.00 15.40 64.29 6.36 3.50 1.65 176.63
average 48.22 33.00 12.73 18.57 5.04 2.37 1.02 120.95 (moderate)
Estuary Haihe estuary 51.48 592875.00 19.04 39176.43 33.44 5.64 3.22 632164.25
Duliujian estuary 53.70 37125.00 15.76 15429.29 6.58 3.67 1.70 52635.68
Ziyaxin estuary 66.43 46125.00 16.37 13375.00 6.72 3.48 1.52 59594.53
Zhangweinan estuary 52.57 23250.00 12.59 13448.57 4.76 2.38 1.05 36771.91
Tuhai estuary 42.70 16125.00 11.49 12221.43 3.96 1.93 0.82 28407.33
average 53.37 143100.00 15.05 18730.14 11.09 3.42 1.66 161914.74 (very high)
total average 39.96 79198.64 13.84 497688.83 6.33 3.93 1.93 576953.46
Tab.5  Eco-risk factor ( E r i ) and potential eco-risk index (RI) of heavy metals in sediments
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