Please wait a minute...
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2015, Vol. 9 Issue (1) : 121-130    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0727-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities
Yang PAN1,2,Xiangru ZHANG2,*(),Jianping ZHAI1
1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
 Download: PDF(790 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

When bromide/iodide is present in source water, hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid will be formed with addition of chlorine, chloramine, or other disinfectants. Hypobromous acid/hypoiodous acid undergoes reactions with natural organic matter in source water to form numerous brominated/iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, tap water samples were collected from eight cities in China. With the aid of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by setting precursor ion scans of m/z 35, m/z 81, and m/z 126.9, whole pictures of polar chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples were revealed for the first time. Numerous polar halogenated DBPs were detected, including haloacetic acids, newly identified halogenated phenols, and many new/unknown halogenated compounds. Total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine were also measured to indicate the total levels of all chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated DBPs in the tap water samples. The total organic chlorine concentrations ranged from 26.8 to 194.0 μg·L–1 as Cl, with an average of 109.2 μg·L–1 as Cl; the total organic bromine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 113.3 μg·L–1 as Br, with an average of 34.7 μg·L–1 as Br; the total organic iodine concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 16.4 μg·L–1 as I, with an average of 9.1 μg·L–1 as I; the total organic halogen concentrations ranged from 31.3 to 220.4 μg·L–1 as Cl, with an average of 127.2 μg·L–1 as Cl.

Keywords Disinfection byproducts (DBPs)      total organic halogen      tap water in China     
Corresponding Author(s): Xiangru ZHANG   
Online First Date: 23 April 2014    Issue Date: 31 December 2014
 Cite this article:   
Yang PAN,Xiangru ZHANG,Jianping ZHAI. Whole pictures of halogenated disinfection byproducts in tap water from China’s cities[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(1): 121-130.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0727-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2015/V9/I1/121
Fig.1  ESI-tqMS PIS spectra of m/z 35 of tap water samples A–H (a–h), respectively
Fig.2  ESI-tqMS PIS spectra of m/z 81 of tap water samples A–H (a–h), respectively
Fig.3  ESI-tqMS PIS spectra of m/z 126.9 of tap water samples A–H (a–h), respectively
Fig.4  Concentrations of TOCl, TOBr, TOI, and TOX (a–d), respectively, of the eight tap water samples, respectively (Data presented the mean and the difference between the detected value and the mean, n = 3)
Fig.5  Relationships (quadratic curve fitting) derived from the eight tap water samples: (a) The TII level in the PIS m/z 35 spectrum versus the TOCl concentration; (b) The TII level in the PIS m/z 81 spectrum versus the TOBr concentration; (c) The TII level in the PIS m/z 126.9 spectrum versus the TOI concentration
1 Richardson S D, Fasano F, Ellington J J, Crumley F G, Buettner K M, Evans J J, Blount B C, Silva L K, Waite T J, Luther G W, Mckague A B, Miltner R J, Wagner E D, Plewa M J. Occurrence and mammalian cell toxicity of iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(22): 8330–8338
https://doi.org/10.1021/es801169k pmid: 19068814
2 Heller-Grossman L, Idin A, Relis B L, Rebhun M. Formation of cyanogen bromide and other volatile DBPs in the disinfection of bromide-rich lake water. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(6): 932–937
https://doi.org/10.1021/es980147e
3 Magazinovic R S, Nicholson B C, Mulcahy D E, Davey D E. Bromide levels in natural waters: its relationship to levels of both chloride and total dissolved solids and the implications for water treatment. Chemosphere, 2004, 57(4): 329–335
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.056 pmid: 15312731
4 Moran J E, Oktay S D, Santschi P H. Sources of iodine and iodine 129 in rivers. Water Resources Research, 2002, 38(8): 1149–1158
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000622
5 Krasner S W, Weinberg H S, Richardson S D, Pastor S J, Chinn R, Sclimenti M J, Onstad G D, Thruston A D Jr. Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(23): 7175–7185
https://doi.org/10.1021/es060353j pmid: 17180964
6 Bichsel Y, von Gunten U. Oxidation of iodide and hypoiodous acid in the disinfection of natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(22): 4040–4045
https://doi.org/10.1021/es990336c
7 Bichsel Y, von Gunten U. Formation of iodo-trihalomethanes during disinfection and oxidation of iodide-containing waters. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34(13): 2784–2791
https://doi.org/10.1021/es9914590
8 Ding G, Zhang X. A picture of polar iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water by (UPLC/)ESI-tqMS. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(24): 9287–9293
https://doi.org/10.1021/es901821a pmid: 20000522
9 Hua G, Reckhow D A. Determination of TOCl, TOBr and TOI in drinking water by pyrolysis and off-line ion chromatography. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2006, 384(2): 495–504
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0214-3 pmid: 16331442
10 Savitz D A, Singer P C, Herring A H, Hartmann K E, Weinberg H S, Makarushka C. Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and pregnancy loss. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2006, 164(11): 1043–1051
https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj300 pmid: 16957027
11 Li Y, Zhang X, Shang C. Effect of reductive property of activated carbon on total organic halogen analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(6): 2105–2111
https://doi.org/10.1021/es903077y pmid: 20158207
12 Pan Y, Zhang X. Total organic iodine measurement: a new approach with UPLC/ESI-MS for off-line iodide separation/detection. Water Research, 2013, 47(1): 163–172
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.040 pmid: 23084338
13 Plewa M J, Wagner E D, Richardson S D, Thruston A D Jr, Woo Y T, McKague A B. Chemical and biological characterization of newly discovered iodoacid drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(18): 4713–4722
https://doi.org/10.1021/es049971v pmid: 15487777
14 Echigo S, Itoh S, Natsui T, Araki T, Ando R. Contribution of brominated organic disinfection by-products to the mutagenicity of drinking water. Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(5): 321–328
pmid: 15497864
15 Cemeli E, Wagner E D, Anderson D, Richardson S D, Plewa M J. Modulation of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the drinking water disinfection byproduct lodoacetic acid by suppressors of oxidative stress. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(6): 1878–1883
https://doi.org/10.1021/es051602r pmid: 16570611
16 Richardson S D, Plewa M J, Wagner E D, Schoeny R, Demarini D M. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutation Research, 2007, 636(1-3): 178–242
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001 pmid: 17980649
17 Komaki Y, Pals J, Wagner E D, Mari?as B J, Plewa M J. Mammalian cell DNA damage and repair kinetics of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection by-products. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009, 43(21): 8437–8442
https://doi.org/10.1021/es901852z pmid: 19924981
18 Richardson S D. Disinfection By-Products: Formation and Occurrence in Drinking Water. In: The Encyclopedia of Environmental Health. Nriagu J O, eds, Vol. 2. Burlington: Elsevier, 2011, 110– 136
19 Ye B, Wang W, Yang L, Wei J, E X. Formation and modeling of disinfection by-products in drinking water of six cities in China. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011, 13(5): 1271–1275
https://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00795a pmid: 21416099
20 Liu W, Zhao Y, Chow C W K, Wang D. Formation of disinfection byproducts in typical Chinese drinking water. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2011, 23(6): 897–903
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60493-7 pmid: 22066211
21 Wei X, Chen X, Wang X, Zheng W, Zhang D, Tian D, Jiang S, Ong C N, He G, Qu W. Occurrence of regulated and emerging iodinated DBPs in the Shanghai drinking water. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8(3): e59677
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059677 pmid: 23555742
22 Ding H, Meng L, Zhang H, Yu J, An W, Hu J, Yang M. Occurrence, profiling and prioritization of halogenated disinfection by-products in drinking water of China. Environmental Sciences: Processes & Impacts, 2013, 15(7): 1424–1429
https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00110e pmid: 23743579
23 Zhang X Y, Fu Y, Qiu L P, Yu Y Z. Research on disinfection by-products in water distribution system of a northern city. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, 361–363: 768–771
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.361-363.768
24 Wang C, Zhang X, Wang J, Chen C. Detecting N-nitrosamines in water treatment plants and distribution systems in China using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2012, 6(6): 770–777
25 Zhang X, Echigo S, Minear R A, Plewa M J. Characterization and comparison of disinfection by-products of four major disinfectants. In: Barrett S E, Krasner S W, Amy G L, eds. Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000, 299–314
26 Hua G, Reckhow D A, Kim J. Effect of bromide and iodide ions on the formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, 40(9): 3050–3056
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0519278 pmid: 16719110
27 Zhang X, Minear R A, Barrett S E. Characterization of high molecular weight disinfection byproducts from chlorination of humic substances with/without coagulation pretreatment using UF-SEC-ESI-MS/MS. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(4): 963–972
https://doi.org/10.1021/es0490727 pmid: 15773467
28 Zhang X, Talley J W, Boggess B, Ding G, Birdsell D. Fast selective detection of polar brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water using precursor ion scans. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(17): 6598–6603
https://doi.org/10.1021/es800855b pmid: 18800536
29 Echigo S, Zhang X, Minear R A, Plewa M J. Differentiation of total organic brominated and chlorinated compounds in total organic halide measurement: A new approach with an ion-chromatographic technique. In: Barrett S E, Krasner S W, Amy G L, eds. Natural Organic Matter and Disinfection By-Products: Characterization and Control in Drinking Water. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000, 330–342.
30 Hua G, Reckhow D A. Comparison of disinfection byproduct formation from chlorine and alternative disinfectants. Water Research, 2007, 41(8): 1667–1678
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.032 pmid: 17360020
31 Liu J, Zhang X. Effect of quenching time and quenching agent dose on total organic halogen measurement. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 93(11): 1146–1158
https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2012.727807
32 Zhai H, Zhang X. Formation and decomposition of new and unknown polar brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(6): 2194–2201
https://doi.org/10.1021/es1034427 pmid: 21323365
33 Pan Y, Zhang X. Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(3): 1265–1273
pmid: 23298294
34 Weinberg H S, Krasner S W, Richardson S D, Thruston A D Jr. The occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health concern in drinking water: results of a nationwide DBP occurrence study, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory: Athens, GA, 2002, EPA/600/R-02/068; www.epa.gov/athens/publications/EPA_600_R02_068.pdf.
[1] Xiaomao WANG,Yuqin MAO,Shun TANG,Hongwei YANG,Yuefeng F. XIE. Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(1): 3-15.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed