Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2014, Vol. 8 Issue (6) : 805-819    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0756-8
FEATURE ARTICLE
Engineering application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment in China: Current state and future prospect
Kang XIAO1,2, Ying XU1, Shuai LIANG1,3, Ting LEI1, Jianyu SUN1, Xianghua WEN1, Hongxun ZHANG2, Chunsheng CHEN1, Xia HUANG1()
1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
 Download: PDF(527 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

China has been the forerunner of large-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) application. Since the first large-scale MBR (≥10 000 m3·d−1) was put into operation in 2006, the engineering implementation of MBR in China has attained tremendous development. This paper outlines the commercial application of MBR since 2006 and provides a variety of engineering statistical data, covering the fields of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. The total treatment capacity of MBRs reached 1 × 106 m3·d−1 in 2010, and has currently exceeded 4.5 × 106 m3·d−1 with ~75% of which pertaining to municipal wastewater treatment. The anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic-MBR and its derivative processes have been the most popular in the large-scale municipal application, with the process features and typical ranges of parameters also presented in this paper. For the treatment of various types of industrial wastewater, the configurations of the MBR-based processes are delineated with representative engineering cases. In view of the significance of the cost issue, statistics of capital and operating costs are also provided, including cost structure and energy composition. With continuous stimulation from the environmental stress, political propulsion, and market demand in China, the total treatment capacity is expected to reach 7.5 × 106 m3·d−1 by 2015 and a further expansion of the market is foreseeable in the next five years. However, MBR application is facing several challenges, such as the relatively high energy consumption. Judging MBR features and seeking suitable application areas should be of importance for the long-term development of this technology.
Keywords membrane bioreactor (MBR)      engineering application      wastewater treatment      review      China     
Corresponding Author(s): Xia HUANG   
Issue Date: 17 November 2014
 Cite this article:   
Kang XIAO,Ying XU,Shuai LIANG, et al. Engineering application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment in China: Current state and future prospect[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2014, 8(6): 805-819.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-014-0756-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2014/V8/I6/805
Fig.1  Development of engineering application of large-scale MBRs (≥10000?m3·d−1) in China since 2006
membrane materiala) module pore size/µm product name manufacturer
PVDF hollow fiber 0.4 Sterapore SADF Mitsubishi Rayon, Japan
PVDF hollow fiber 0.3
0.1		 RF
BSY		 Origin Water, China
PVDF hollow fiber 0.1 Microza MUNC Asahi Kasei, Japan
PVDF hollow fiber 0.1 SMT600-BR Beijing Scinor, China
PVDF hollow fiber <0.1 SMM Memstar, Singapore
PVDF hollow fiber <0.1 BF, BT Tianjin Motimo, China
PVDF hollow fiber 0.075
0.05		 Saveyor SVM
CPM		 Canpure, Canada
PVDF hollow fiber 0.04 ZeeWeed 500, LEAPmbr GE, USA
PVDF hollow fiber 0.04 Memcor, MemPulse Siemens, Germany
PP & PVDF hollow fiber 0.2 Zhaojin Motian, China
PP
PVDF		 hollow fiber 0.1–0.2 PMBR
FMBR		 Hangzhou Creflux, China
PVC & PVDF hollow fiber 0.02 LGJ1E/1 Litree, China
HDPE hollow fiber 0.1 PoroCep Hyflux, Singapore
PTFE hollow fiber 0.1, 0.2, 0.45 Poreflon SPMW Sumitomo, Japan
PES hollow fiber 0.03 PURON PSH Koch Membrane Systems, USA
PVDF flat sheet 0.08–0.3 PEIER Jiangsu Lantian Peier, China
PVDF flat sheet 0.1 SINAP SINAP, China
PVDF flat sheet 0.08 MEMBRAY Toray, Japan
chlorinated PE flat sheet 0.2 Kubota, Japan
PVDF tubular 0.03 Airlift MBR Pentair X-Flow, Netherlands
PVDF
PES		 tubular 0.03
100 kDa		 BioFlow Berghof, Germany
ceramic tubular 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 JWCM Jiangsu Jiuwu Hi-Tech, China
Tab.1  Main membrane suppliers for engineering application of MBR in China
domestic companies major areas overseas companies major areas
Origin Water, Beijing municipal United Envirotech, Singapore industrial/municipal
Motimo, Tianjin municipal/industrial GE, USA municipal/industrial
Poten Environment, Beijing industrial Siemens, Germany municipal
Lucency Enviro-Tech, Beijing municipal Kubota, Japan municipal/industrial
E&E Technologies, Beijing industrial/municipal
Canpure Environment Protection Tech, Beijing municipal/industrial
Union Environtech, Sichuan industrial
Tianyi Environmental Technology, Inner Mongolia municipal
JDL Environmental Protection, Jiangxi municipal/industrial
WellE Environmental, Jiangsu landfill leachate
Tab.2  Main MBR engineering companies in China
Fig.2  Proportions of MBR treatment capacity in areas of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment (data of 2011, obtained from Ref [35])
Fig.3  Geographical distribution of large-scale MBR projects (≥10000?m3·d−1) in terms of treatment capacity and project number by 2014 in China
Fig.4  Number distribution of large-scale MBR projects (≥10000?m3·d−1) based on designed capacity
MBR installation location wastewater type membrane supplier Capacity/(m3·d−1) MBR engineering companya) commissioned remark
Guangzhou Jingxi WWTP Guangdong municipal Memstar 100000 NOVO 2010 underground MBR
Wuxi Chengbei WWTP (phase IV) Jiangsu municipal Origin Water 50000 Origin Water 2010
Wuxi Chengbei WWTP (phase IV, continued) Jiangsu municipal Kubota 20000 CERI 2012 flat sheet membrane
Liaoyang Central District WWTP (upgrade) Liaoning municipal Memstar 80000 NOVO 2012
Qinghe WWTP (phase III) Beijing municipal Origin Water 150000 Origin Water 2012
Daxing Huangcun WWTP (upgrade) Beijing municipal Origin Water 120000 Origin Water 2013
Nanjing Chengdong WWTP (phase III) Jiangsu municipal Origin Water 150000 Origin Water 2013
Kunming No. 10 WWTP Yunnan municipal Origin Water 150000 Origin Water 2013 underground MBR
Zhuzhou Longquan WWTP (phase III) Hunan municipal Tianjin Motimo 100000 Tianjin Motimo 2014
Jilin City WWTP (phase I, upgrade) Jilin municipal Origin Water 150000 Origin Water 2015 (expected)
Wuhan Sanjintan WWTP (upgrade) Hubei municipal Origin Water 200000 Origin Water 2015 (expected)
Fuzhou Yangli WWTP (phase IV) Fujian municipal Memstar 200000 United Envirotech 2015 (expected)
Wenyu River water treatment plant (phase II) Beijing polluted surface water Mitsubishi Rayon 100000 Origin Water 2011
Kunming Luolonghe rainwater treatment plant Yunnan polluted surface water Origin Water 50000 Origin Water 2011
Meizhou industrial park WWTP Guangdong printed circuit board Memstar 12000 2010
Kunshan banknote printing and minting Jiangsu pulp and paper mill Kubota 9000 Poten Enviro 2011 flat sheet membrane
China Huadian Corporation Changji power plant Xinjiang power plant Asahi Kasei 12480 CHEC Water 2011
Hohhot Togtoh industrial park WWTP (upgrade) Inner Mongolia pharmaceutical Mitsubishi Rayon 20000 United Water 2011
Orient Huaqiang textile dyeing and printing Zhejiang textile dyeing Tianjin Motimo 14000 Tianjin Motimo 2012
Yangzhou Qingshan WWTP (phase II) Jiangsu chemical and municipal Hyflux 40000 Hyflux 2012
China Shenhua Ningxia Coal Industry Group Ningxia coal chemical Canpure 36000 WBD 2013
Chengdu Qingbaijiang WWTP (upgrade) Sichuan fine chemical GE 20000 BEWG 2014
Tab.3  Representative large-scale MBR projects (≥10000?m3·d−1) for wastewater treatment in China since 2010
basic type removal preferencea) process flowb) process featurec) engineering case reference
O-MBR BOD and N H4 +-N basic form of MBR Miyun WWTP (45000?m3·d−1), Beijing, 2006 [36]
AO-MBR BOD and TN basic form of MBR for denitrification Jinan Olympic Center plant (13000?m3·d−1), Shandong, 2010 [37]
AAO-MBR BOD, TN, and TP basic form of AAO-MBR for simultaneous N and P removal [38]
bypassing RAAO-MBR, to save carbon source for denitrification and diminish adverse impact of aerobic recirculation on the anaerobic zone Hefei Tangxihe WWTP (30000?m3·d−1), Anhui, 2011 [39]
UCT-MBR, a variant of AAO-MBR, to diminish adverse impact of aerobic recirculation on the anaerobic zone Beixiaohe WWTP (60000?m3·d−1), Beijing, 2008 [40]
bypassing UCT-MBR, to save carbon source for denitrification Wuxi Meicun WWTP (phase II) (30000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2009 [41]
MUCT-MBR, one more anoxic zone than UCT-MBR, to enhance endogenous denitrification Wuxi Chengbei WWTP (phase IV) (50000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2010 [42]
similar to MAO-MBR, a second anoxic zone after the aerobic zone to enhance endogenous denitrification Wuxi Shuofang WWTP (phase II) (20000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2009 [43,44]
an additional zone (X) after the aerobic zone, switchable between anoxic and aerobic, to increase the flexibility of process adjustment for denitrification Kunming No. 4 WWTP (60000?m3·d−1), Yunnan, 2010 [45]
Tab.4  Typical MBR processes and engineering cases for municipal wastewater treatment in China.
itema) unitb) typical range
filtration flux (submerged MBR) L·(m2·h)−1 15–25
MLSS gMLSS·L−1 8–12
MLVSS/MLSS kgMLVSS·kgMLSS−1 0.6–0.8
sludge organic loading rate kgBOD5·(kgMLSS·d)−1 0.05–0.1
total solids retention time d 10–30
recirculation ratio (A2→A1) – 1–4
recirculation ratio (O→A2) – 3–5
recirculation ratio (M→O) – 3–6
observed yield of solids kgMLSS·kgCOD−1 0.17–0.25
synthesis yield of biomass kgMLVSS·kgCOD−1 0.28–0.67
endogenous decay coefficient d−1 0.023–0.2
maximum specific growth rate of nitrifying bacteria d−1 0.2–0.9
maximum specific ammonia utilization rate kgN H4 +-N·(kgMLVSS·d)−1 0.11–0.15
half-velocity constant for ammonia utilization mgN H4 +-N·L−1 2.35–2.63
specific denitrification rate kgN O3 －-N·(kgMLSS·d)−1 0.03–0.06
phosphorus content in sludge kgP·kgMLSS−1 0.02–0.06
Tab.5  Typical ranges of MBR process parameters for municipal wastewater treatment.
Fig.5  Total capital investment (a) and total footprint (b) area per capacity unit of large-scale MBR projects (≥10000?m3·d−1) for municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. Sample numbers in (a): 66, 24, and 5, respectively; in (b): 55, 20, and 3, respectively
Fig.6  Operating cost of typical MBR plants for municipal wastewater treatment. Data were collected from 8 large-scale MBRs built after 2010 with stable operation. “Others” refer to the costs for employers’ salaries, equipment maintenance, water quality measurement, etc. Depreciation cost is not included here
Fig.7  Energy compositions among different process units (a) and different functions in typical MBR plants for municipal wastewater treatment (b). Data were collected from large-scale MBRs built after 2010 with stable operation. Sample numbers are 10 for total energy consumption and 6 for percentage calculation. Abbreviations: inf. = influent; pretr. = pretreatment; A1 = anaerobic zone; A2 = anoxic zone; O= aerobic zone; M= membrane zone; eff. = effluent
wastewater process flowa) MBR case reference
petroleum refinery → condit. → o/w separ. → float. → condit. → MP-MBR → China National Offshore Oil Corp. Huizhou plant (15000?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2008 [53]
petrochemical → screen. → sediment. → bioselect. → MBR → NF → disinfect. →;
→ UASB → sediment. → A/O- MBR →		 Dayawan industrial park (25000?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2006;
Pengwei PTA wastewater (10000?m3·d−1), Chongqing, 2009		 [53]
coal chemical → screen. → sediment. → condit. → float. → A/O-MBR → disinfect. → Jinfeng Coal Chemical Industrial Co. (3000?m3·d−1), Shanxi, 2008 [54]
fine chemical → condit. → coagulat. → sediment. → MP-MBR → disinfect. →;
→ condit. → hydrolys.-acidif. → contc. O → sediment. → MBR → PAC →		 Taixing industrial park (30000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2008;
Xiaohu Island park (10000?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2007		 [53]
[53]
electronic → pH condit. → coagulat. → sediment. → pH condit. → MBR → Meizhou industrial park (12000?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2010 [53]
papermaking → condit. → hydrolys.-acidif. → MBR → disinfect. → Kunshan banknote printing (9000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2011
tobacco → screen. → condit. → sediment. → hydrolys.-acidif. → MBR → China National Tabacco Corp. Xuzhou plant (2000?m3·d−1), Jiangsu, 2007
food processing → anaerob. → screen. → A/O-MBR → RO → Meihua Group (2000?m3·d−1), Hebei, 2009 [53]
slaughterhouse → condit. → o/w separ. → screen. → A1/A2/O-MBR → Fambros Group (8000?m3·d−1), Shandong, 2007 [53]
pharmaceutical → hydrolys.-acidif. → A/O-MBR → O3→ BAC → NF → Togtoh industrial park (20000?m3·d−1), Inner Mongolia, 2011
landfill leachate → anaerob. → A/O-MBR → NF → RO;
→ UASB → A/O-MBR → DTRO →;
→ condit. → A/O/A/O-MBR → RO →
(1st concentr. → NF → RO →) (2nd concentr. → evapor.)		 Asuwei plant (600?m3·d−1), Beijing, 2008;
Guangzhou Likeng plant (800?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2013;
Guangzhou Xingfeng plant (1540?m3·d−1), Guangdong, 2012		 [55]
[55]
[56]
Tab.6  Typical MBR processes and engineering cases for different industrial wastewater treatment
1 X Huang, K Xiao, Y X Shen. Recent advances in membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 2010, 4(3): 245–271
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-010-0240-z
2 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Announcement on the list of national urban sewage treatment facilities published in 2013. 2014.
3 J B Guo, F Ma, Y Y Qu, A Li, L Wang. Systematical strategies for wastewater treatment and the generated wastes and greenhouse gases in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2012, 6(2): 271–279
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0328-0
4 G Olsson. Water, energy and food interactions–Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(5): 787–793
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0526-z
5 World Bank Group. World Development Indicators: Freshwater. 2014.
6 General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. “12th Five-Year Plan” - National construction plan of urban sewage treatment and reuse facilities. 2012.
7 W Li, M Z Hu. An overview of the environmental finance policies in China: retrofitting an integrated mechanism for environmental management. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2014, 8(3): 316–328
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0625-5
8 D P Loucks, H F Jia. Managing water for life. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2012, 6(2): 255–264
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-011-0359-6
9 Standing Committee of the Sixth National People’s Congress. Water Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2002.
10 State Environmental Protection Administration, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. GB 18918–2002. Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2003 (in Chinese)
11 General Administration of Quality Supervision. Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 18919–2002. The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water—Classified standard. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2003 (in Chinese)
12 General Administration of Quality Supervision. Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 18920–2002. The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water—Water Quality Standard for Urban Miscellaneous Water Consumption. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2003 (in Chinese)
13 General Administration of Quality Supervision. Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 18921–2002. The reuse of urban recycling water—Water quality standard for scenic environment use. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2003 (in Chinese)
14 General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 19772–2005. The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water—Water Quality Standard for Groundwater Recharge. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2005 (in Chinese)
15 General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. GB/T 19923–2005. The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water—Water Quality Standard for Industrial Uses. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2005 (in Chinese)
16 General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. GB 20922–2007. The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water—Quality of Farmland Irrigation Water. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2007 (in Chinese)
17 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. HJ 2527–2012. Technical Requirement for Environmental Protection Products—Membrane Bioreactor. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
18 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. HJ 2528–2012. Technical Requirement for Environmental Protection Products—Hollow Fiber Membrane Bio-Reactor Unit. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
19 China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization. CECS 152:2003. Technical Specification for Application of Integrative Submerged Membrane Bioreactor For Wastewater Treatment. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2003 (in Chinese)
20 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. HJ 2010–2011. Technical Specification for Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Biological Process. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
21 State Council of the People’s Republic of China. “12th Five-Year Plan” —Development plan of energy-saving and environmental protection industry. 2012.
22 Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. “12th Five-Year Plan” —Development plan of science and technology. 2011.
23 State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Decision on accelerating the cultivation and development of emerging strategic industries. 2010.
24 Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. “12th Five-Year Plan” —Specific plan for high performance membrane material technology development.
25 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Plan of action for water pollution prevention and control (manuscript). 2014.
26 J Y Chu, H Wang, C Wang. Exploring price effects on the residential water conservation technology diffusion process: a case study of Tianjin city. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013, 7(5): 688–698
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0559-3
27 Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform. Announcement on adjustment of the price for non-residential water use in Beijing. 2014.
28 Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform. Announcement on adjustment of the price of reclaimed water in Beijing. 2014.
29 E20 Environment Platform. Research and Analysis Report for MBR Market in China. 2014 (in Chinese)
30 S Judd, C Judd. The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors in Water and Wastewater Treatment. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2011
31 S Liang, G G Qi, K Xiao, J Y Sun, E P Giannelis, X Huang, M Elimelech. Organic fouling behavior of superhydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes functionalized with surface-tailored nanoparticles: implications for organic fouling in membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 463: 94–101
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.037
32 W J Koros, Y H Ma, T Shimidzu. Terminology for membranes and membrane processes. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1996, 68(7): 1479–1489
https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199668071479
33 X Zheng, Y F Zhou, S H Chen, H Zheng, C X Zhou. Survey of MBR market: trends and perspectives in China. Desalination, 2010, 250(2): 609–612
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.034
34 P K Dey, S O Ogunlana. Selection and application of risk management tools and techniques for build-operate-transfer projects. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 2004, 104(4): 334–346
https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570410530748
35 X Zheng, Y S Wei. Report for Sustainable Development Strategy of China Water Treatment Industry— Membrane Industry. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2013 (in Chinese)
36 K C Yu, X Huang. Design and operation of MBR process of water reclamation project. Nonferrous Metals Engineering & Research, 2008, 29(6): 4–8 (in Chinese)
37 W X Hou, G Y Zhang, T X Zhong. The application example in municipal reclaimed water of enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal MBR process. City and Town Water Supply, 2011, 16(S1): 152–155 (in Chinese)
38 R L Xu, Y B Fan, Q Zhang, Y S Wei. Recent progress in the development and application of A2/O-MBRs. Membrane Science and Technology, 2013, 33(6): 111–118 (in Chinese)
39 X W Cui, L Xie, Y Bi, S F Zhang, D H Yang, H J Shim. Study on the nitrogen removal characteristics of inverted A2/O-MBR process to treat low C/N ratio wastewater. Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2012, 38(9): 132–136 (in Chinese)
40 A M Yang, Y P Gan, J Chang, B Ai, Y Z Peng. Process introduction of MBR of Beijing Beixiaohe reclaimed water plant. Membrane Science and Technology, 2011, 31(4): 95–99 (in Chinese)
41 L F Dong, S Liu, M W Zhou, T. XueApplication of MBR technology in three WWTPs in Wuxi. China Water & Wastewater, 2012, 28(4): 20–23 (in Chinese)
42 L L Jiang, W L Zhang, T Liang, B Hu. Study on degradation characteristics of two anoxic A(2A)O-MBR wastewater treatment system. Technology of Water Treatment, 2013, 39(1): 93–96 (in Chinese)
43 X J Fan, L L Jiang, X H Liu. Engineering design of integrated MBR process for municipal wastewater treatment. China Water & Wastewater, 2010, 26(10): 47–50 (in Chinese)
44 S J Sai. Study on application of nitrogen and phosphorus removal process combined with membrane bioreactor in municipal wastewater treatment. Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2011 (in Chinese)
45 Y Y Zhang, Y M Guo, B Liu, F Guo, Y N Zhang, Y F Zhang, Y M Chen. Application of 3AMBR in the fourth wastewater treatment plant of Kunming. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013, 7(9): 3409–3414 (in Chinese)
46 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. HJ 576–2010. Technical Specifications for Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic Activated Sludge Process. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2011 (in Chinese)
47 Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003
48 B Verrecht, T Maere, I Nopens, C Brepols, S Judd. The cost of a large-scale hollow fibre MBR. Water Research, 2010, 44(18): 5274–5283
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.054
49 W Wei. Analysis of project cost of Guangzhou Jingxi sewage treatment plant. Construction Economy, 2011, 32(10): 42–44 (in Chinese)
50 China Environment Yearbook 2013. Beijing: China Environment Yearbook Press, 2013 (in Chinese)
51 Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China. Construction standard for municipal sewage treatment engineering projects (revision). 2001.
52 State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Plan of action for air pollution prevention and control.
53 G W Chen, Z L Xu, Y M Cao, Y Q Shi. Advanced Development and Industrial Application of Membrane Technology. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2013 (in Chinese)
54 G Z Chen. Application of MBR process in coal chemical industry wastewater treatment. M-Sized Nitrogenous Fertilizer Progress, 2008, 24(1): 24–26 (in Chinese)
55 Z R Zeng, H Xu, L W Shi, W Y He. Engineering application of membrane bioreactor in treatment of landfill leachate. Environmental Protection and Technology, 2013, 19(5): 20–23 (in Chinese)
56 B H Kuang. Debugging and running of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) + reverse osmosis (RO) process for landfill leachate treatment project. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2012, 39(8): 22–24 (in Chinese)
57 Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. HJ 564–2010. Leachate treatment project technical specification of municipal solid waste landfill. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2010 (in Chinese)
[1] Yabing Meng, Depeng Wang, Zhong Yu, Qingyun Yan, Zhili He, Fangang Meng. Genome-resolved metagenomic analysis reveals different functional potentials of multiple Candidatus Brocadia species in a full-scale swine wastewater treatment system[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2023, 17(1): 2-.
[2] Shaoping Luo, Yi Peng, Ying Liu, Yongzhen Peng. Research progress and prospects of complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria in wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 123-.
[3] Runyao Huang, Jin Xu, Li Xie, Hongtao Wang, Xiaohang Ni. Energy neutrality potential of wastewater treatment plants: A novel evaluation framework integrating energy efficiency and recovery[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(9): 117-.
[4] Tingwei Gao, Kang Xiao, Jiao Zhang, Wenchao Xue, Chunhai Wei, Xiaoping Zhang, Shuai Liang, Xiaomao Wang, Xia Huang. Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 49-.
[5] Yuqing Yan, Xin Wang. Integrated energy view of wastewater treatment: A potential of electrochemical biodegradation[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 52-.
[6] Zhida Li, Lu Lu. Wastewater treatment meets artificial photosynthesis: Solar to green fuel production, water remediation and carbon emission reduction[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(4): 53-.
[7] Yuan Cheng, Qinqin Yu, Jiumeng Liu, Youwen Sun, Linlin Liang, Zhenyu Du, Guannan Geng, Wanli Ma, Hong Qi, Qiang Zhang, Kebin He. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(2): 18-.
[8] Shansi Wang, Siwei Li, Jia Xing, Jie Yang, Jiaxin Dong, Yu Qin, Shovan Kumar Sahu. Evaluation of the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on air quality in southern China from long-term historical observations[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(2): 26-.
[9] Yangyan Cheng, Ye Shan, Yuhuan Xue, Yujiao Zhu, Xinfeng Wang, Likun Xue, Yanguang Liu, Fangli Qiao, Min Zhang. Variation characteristics of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide in summertime at a coastal site in the South China Sea[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(11): 139-.
[10] Sen Dong, Peng Gao, Benhang Li, Li Feng, Yongze Liu, Ziwen Du, Liqiu Zhang. Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(11): 142-.
[11] Yindong Tong, Xuejun Wang, James J. Elser. Unintended nutrient imbalance induced by wastewater effluent inputs to receiving water and its ecological consequences[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(11): 149-.
[12] Wei Shan, Bingbing Li, Haichuan Zhang, Zhenghao Zhang, Yan Wang, Zhiyang Gao, Ji Li. Distribution, characteristics and daily fluctuations of microplastics throughout wastewater treatment plants with mixed domestic–industrial influents in Wuxi City, China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2022, 16(1): 6-.
[13] Shaoyi Xu, Xiaolong Wu, Huijie Lu. Overlooked nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(6): 133-.
[14] Kangying Guo, Baoyu Gao, Jie Wang, Jingwen Pan, Qinyan Yue, Xing Xu. Flocculation behaviors of a novel papermaking sludge-based flocculant in practical printing and dyeing wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(5): 103-.
[15] Fengping Hu, Yongming Guo. Health impacts of air pollution in China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(4): 74-.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed