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Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement |
Juntao HUO1,Xiaohui LU1,Xinning WANG1,Hong CHEN1,Xingnan YE1,Song Gao2,Deborah S. Gross3,Jianmin CHEN1,4,Xin YANG1,4,*() |
1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 2. Division of Math, Science and Technology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA 3. Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA 4. Fudan-Tyndall Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China |
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Abstract Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K2SO4 + 2Cl−) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K+ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.
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Keywords
crop straw burning particles
mixing state
aging process
ATOFMS
ion markers
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Corresponding Author(s):
Xin YANG
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Just Accepted Date: 12 December 2014
Online First Date: 31 December 2014
Issue Date: 01 February 2016
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