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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (2) : 352-361    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0783-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Efficient removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater using polymer ligands
Md. Lutfor RAHMAN(),Shaheen M. SARKAR,Mashitah Mohd YUSOFF
Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
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Abstract

Poly(hydroxamic acid)-poly(amidoxime) chelating ligands were synthesized from poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylonitrile) grafted acacia cellulose for removing toxic metal ions from industrial wastewaters. These ligands showed higher adsorption capacity to copper (2.80 mmol?g−1) at pH 6. In addition, sorption capacities to other metal ions such as iron, zinc, chromium, and nickel were also found high at pH 6. The metal ions sorption rate (t1/2) was very fast. The rate of adsorption of copper, iron, zinc, chromium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium and lead were 4, 5, 7, 5, 5, 8, 9 and 11 min, respectively. Therefore, these ligands have an advantage to the metal ions removal using the column technique. We have successfully investigated the known concentration of metal ions using various parameters, which is essential for designing a fixed bed column with ligands. The wastewater from electroplating plants used in this study, having chromium, zinc, nickel, copper and iron, etc. For chromium wastewater, ICP analysis showed that the Cr removal was 99.8% and other metal ions such as Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co and Mn removal were 94.7%, 99.2%, 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 95.6% and 97.6%, respectively. In case of cyanide wastewater, the metal removal, especially Ni and Zn removal were 96.5 and 95.2% at higher initial concentration. For acid/alkali wastewater, metal ions removing for Cd, Cr and Fe were 99.2%, 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. Overall, these ligands are useful for metal removal by column method from industrial wastewater especially plating wastewater.
Keywords heavy metals      adsorption      wastewater      chelating ligands      plating industry     
Corresponding Author(s): Md. Lutfor RAHMAN   
Online First Date: 17 April 2015    Issue Date: 01 February 2016
 Cite this article:   
Md. Lutfor RAHMAN,Shaheen M. SARKAR,Mashitah Mohd YUSOFF. Efficient removal of heavy metals from electroplating wastewater using polymer ligands[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(2): 352-361.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0783-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I2/352
wastewater metal ions concentration/(mg?L−1)
Cu Co Cr Mn Fe Ni Zn Pb Cd
Cr-wastewater 0.105 0.163 24.53 0.252 0.440 3.380 7.528 1.188 0.084
CN-wastewater 5.191 0.290 2.113 0.569 6.722 35.56 75.86 0.013 0.041
H/OH-wastewater 0.621 0.066 0.240 0.071 0.870 2.970 4.810 0.025 0.071
Tab.1  Toxic metals concentration in various wastewaters at pH 4
Fig.1  H stands as poly(hydroxamic acid) and A stands as poly(amidoxime) ligands [12]
Fig.2  SEM micrographs of (a) acacia cellulose, (b) poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylonitrile) grafted acacia cellulose and (c) poly(hydroxamic acid)-poly(amidoxime) chelating ligands
Fig.3  Toxic metal ions adsorption capacity by the ligands as a function of pH. Batch conditions: 0.2000 g of polymer ligands, 20 mL distilled water, 10 mL of 0.1 mmol?L−1 sodium acetate buffer, 10 mL of 0.1 mmol?L−1 metal ions solution and shaken 6 h
Fig.4  Rate of exchange of toxic metal ions by the ligands at pH 6
Fig.5  Breakthrough curves for a series of synthetic metal ions adsorption by polymer ligands (PHA-PA). Column conditions: column bed 15 cm; conditioned at pH 4, diameter of glass column 10 mm, flow rate of 5.0 mL?min−1
solute metals m1/(mg?cm−2) m2/(mg?cm−2) m1 −m2/(mg?cm−2) F/(mg?cm−2?min−1) tx/min tδ/min tf/min f δ/cm saturation/%
Cu 7.58 1.00 6.58 0.05 151.6 131.6 7.02 0.946 13.4 95.23
Fe 7.37 0.99 6.38 0.05 147.5 127.6 7.26 0.943 13.4 94.91
Cr 7.19 0.91 6.28 0.05 143.9 125.7 5.80 0.953 13.4 95.87
Ni 7.07 0.88 6.19 0.05 141.4 123.8 5.39 0.956 13.5 96.10
Zn 6.78 0.83 5.94 0.05 135.6 118.9 4.97 0.958 13.6 96.25
Co 6.52 0.78 5.74 0.05 130.5 114.9 4.26 0.962 13.5 96.68
Cd 6.00 0.70 5.30 0.05 120.0 106.0 3.52 0.966 13.6 97.02
Mn 5.72 0.64 5.07 0.05 114.4 101.4 2.92 0.971 13.4 97.42
Pb 5.54 0.61 4.92 0.05 110.8 98.4 2.62 0.973 13.4 97.62
Tab.2  Evaluation and operational parameters for fixed bed column by synthetic metal ions
Fig.6  Toxic metal removal from chromium, cyanide and acid-alkali wastewater by PHA-PA ligands; Column condition: Column bed 15 cm; conditioned at pH 4; diameter of glass column 10 mm; flow rate 5.0 mL?min−1
adsorbent materials modifier metal ions Adsorption/ (mg?g−1) Ref.
cellulose NaOH (carboxyl) Cu2+ 70.50 Liu et al. [24]
cellulose Glycidyl methacrylate Cu2+ 68.50 O’Connell et al. [25]
cellulose Mercaptobenzothiozole Hg2+ 204.08 Santhana et al. [26]
mesoporous silica monoliths MBHB Cu2+ 145.98 Awual et al. [27]
mesoporous silica monoliths HMBA Cu2+ 182.39 Awual et al. [28]
mesoporous silica monoliths HMBA Pd2+ 172.53 Awual et al. [28]
mesoporous silica DPDB Pb2+ 195.31 Awual et al. [29]
mesoporous silica TPDP Pb2+ 200.80 Awual et al. [30]
mesoporous silica monoliths HMBA Co2+ 189.37 Awual et al. [31]
organic-inorganic conjugate TSNT Co2+ 205.33 Awual et al. [32]
organic-inorganic conjugate TSNT Cu2+ 199.20 Awual et al. [32]
acasia Cellulose hydroxamic acid-amidoxime Cu2+ 177.91 This study
acasia Cellulose hydroxamic acid-amidoxime Fe3+ 168.38 This study
Tab.3  Adsorption capacities of some metal ions reported in the literature [24−32]
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