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Dynamic design of green stormwater infrastructure |
Robert G. Traver(), Ali Ebrahimian |
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085, USA |
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Abstract Research shows GSI Practices outperform static volume crediting. Recommend including exfiltration and evapotranspiration for dynamic design. Expand design to include climate, insitu soil and vegetation to take advantage of GSI Properties.
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This paper compares ongoing research results on hydrologic performance to common design and crediting criteria, and recommends a change in direction from a static to a dynamic perspective to fully credit the performance of green infrastructure. Examples used in this article are primarily stormwater control measures built for research on the campus of Villanova University [1,2]. Evidence is presented demonstrating that the common practice of crediting water volume based on soil and surface storage underestimates the performance potential, and suggests that the profession move to a more dynamic approach that incorporates exfiltration and evapotransporation. The framework for a dynamic approach is discussed, with a view to broaden our design focus by including climate, configuration and the soil surroundings. The substance of this work was presented as a keynote speech at the 2016 international Low Impact Development Conference in Beijing China [3].
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Keywords
Low Impact Development (LID)
Stormwater control measures
Green infrastructure
Stormwater design
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Corresponding Author(s):
Robert G. Traver
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Issue Date: 25 July 2017
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Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership.VUSP ~ PaDEP – Best Management Practice National Monitoring Site- Year 12, 2015
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Villanova University Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership.Villanova Urban Stormwater Partnership – Research. Villanova University 2016, Available online at ( accessed Dec. 30, 2016)
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Traver R. Stormwater Green Infrastructure, where have we been and how far can we go? Keynote Presentation, Beijing: 2016 International Low Impact Development Conference, 2016
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4 |
USEPA.Stormwater Phase II Final Rule – Fact Sheet, USEPA Office of Water, Washington, DC, 2000
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National Research Council.Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009
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USEPA.Technical Guidance on Implementing the Stormwater Runoff Requirements for Federal Projects under Section 438 of the Energy Independence and Security Act, USEPA Office of Water, Washington, DC, 2009
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7 |
Emerson C, Traver R. Multiyear and seasonal variation of infiltration from stormwater best management practices. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage E ngineering, 2008, 134(5): 598–605(2008)134:5(598)
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437
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Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual. PaDEP, Harrisburg, PA, 2006
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9 |
Zukowski Z. Evaluating rain gardens of different configurations and infiltration testing methods to determine rain garden design and site investigation recommendations. Master Thesis, Villanova: Villanova University, 2016
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Philadelphia Water Department.Stormwater Management Guidance Manual, Version 3.0. PWD 2015
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Philadelphia Water Department.Stormwater Regulation Updates, July 2015, Available online at ( accessed Dec. 30, 2016)
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12 |
Lord L. Evaluation of Nitrogen Removal and Fate within A Bioinfiltration Stormwater Control Measure. Master Thesis, Villanova: Villanova University, 2013
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Heasom W, Traver R G, Welker A. Hydrologic modeling of a bioinfiltration best management practice. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2006, 42(5): 1329–1347
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb05616.x
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Wadzuk B, Lewellyn C, Lee R, Traver R. Green Infrastructure Recovery: analysis of the influence of back-to-back rainfall events. ASCE Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 2017, 3(1):04017001
https://doi.org/ 10.1061/JSWBAY.0000819
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15 |
Davis A P, Traver R G, Hunt W F, Lee , R, Brown R A, Olszewski J M. Hydrologic performance of bioretention stormwater control measures. ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2012, 17(5): 604–614
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000467
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Lee R, Traver R, Welker A. Continuous modeling of bioinfiltration stormwater control measures using Green and Ampt. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2013, 139(12):1004–1010
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000651
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Lewellyn C, Lyons C, Traver R, Wadzuk B. Evaluation of seasonal and large storm runoff volume capture of an infiltration green infrastructure system. ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2015, 21(1):04015047
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001257
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Lee R, Traver R, Welker A. Evaluation of soil class proxies for hydrologic performance of in situ bioinfiltration systems. ASCE Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 2016, 2(4):04016003
https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000813
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Wadzuk B M, Traver R G. Soil moisture balance in bioretention systems. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2012(5), 231–240
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Wadzuk B, Schneider D, Feller M, Traver R. Evapotranspiration from a green-roof storm-water control measure. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage E ngineering, 2013, 139(12): 995–1003
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000643
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Lee R. A look at the hydrologic design of rain gardens. Unpublished Philadelphia Water Department Presentation, 2016
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