A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future research recommendations

doi:10.1007/s11783-017-0982-y

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (4) : 16 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0982-y

REVIEW ARTICLE

A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future research recommendations

Hannah Kratky¹, Zhan Li¹, Yijun Chen¹, Chengjin Wang¹, Xiangfei Li², Tong Yu¹(

)

¹. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
². City Planning, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 0J4, Canada

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Abstract

Bioretention in cold climate pushes the boundary of current applications.

Coarser media is required in cold climates to maintain hydraulic performance.

More research is needed on water quality performance of cold climate bioretention.

Bioretention is a popular best management practice of low impact development that effectively restores urban hydrologic characteristics to those of predevelopment and improves water quality prior to conveyance to surface waters. This is achieved by utilizing an engineered system containing a surface layer of mulch, a thick soil media often amended with a variety of materials to improve water quality, a variety of vegetation, and underdrains, depending on the surrounding soil characteristics. Bioretention systems have been studied quite extensively for warm climate applications, but data strongly supporting their long-term efficacy and application in cold climates is sparse. Although it is apparent that bioretention is an effective stormwater management system, its design in cold climate needs further research. Existing cold climate research has shown that coarser media is required to prevent concrete frost from forming. For spring, summer and fall seasons, if sufficient permeability exists to drain the system prior to freezing, peak flow and volume reduction can be maintained. Additionally, contaminants that are removed via filtration are also not impacted by cold climates. In contrary, dissolved contaminants, nutrients, and organics are significantly more variable in their ability to be removed or degraded via bioretention in colder temperatures. Winter road maintenance salts have been shown to negatively impact the removal of some contaminants and positively impact others, while their effects on properly selected vegetation or bacteria health are also not very well understood. Research in these water quality aspects has been inconsistent and therefore requires further study.

Keywords Bioretention Cold climate Low impact development Stormwater

Corresponding Author(s): Tong Yu

Issue Date: 03 August 2017

Cite this article:

Hannah Kratky,Zhan Li,Yijun Chen, et al. A critical literature review of bioretention research for stormwater management in cold climate and future research recommendations[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(4): 16.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-017-0982-y
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2017/V11/I4/16

recommended areas of future research in cold climates	purpose
vegetation studies	• to determine drought, water, and contaminant tolerant vegetation that can safely be utilized in all cold climate areas of broad geographical regions (e.g. in North America) • these studies should also determine the impact that vegetation dormancy in winter has on the bioretention systems and analyze the potential of breeding hyperaccumulating plants
media studies	• to determine a sufficient balance between using coarse media to enhance hydraulic performance in cold climate while maintaining sufficient water quality improvement
designing bioretention for both warm and cold climate	• to determine the appropriate catchment basin required in cold climate as its treatment capacity will be decreased • to determine if more rigorous pre-treatment designs may be required to account for the increased pollutant loads and if so, design these pre-treatment technologies
mechanism and long-term performance studies	• to further investigate total and dissolved contaminant removal in both warm and cold climate
media amendment studies	• to determine alternative amendments that are sustainable and enhance contaminant removal • studying their long-term performance is also vital
temperature dependence studies	• to determine the impact of cold climate on the physical and chemical interactions of various contaminants in bioretention to better design the systems for water quality improvement
studies on the impact of the freeze–thaw cycle on particulate contaminant removal	• as long-term cold climate studies are rare, this research is required to determine if the freeze thaw cycle is an advantage or disadvantage for particle removal and if it is a disadvantage, how to mitigate it
de-icing salt studies	• to further investigate their impact on contaminant removal, bacteria efficacy, and the potential for bioretention to permanently capture and treat the salts
bioretention disposal studies	• to determine the end-of-life disposal requirements of these heavily polluted cells of bioretention media and trapped contaminants

Tab.1 Summarized gaps in current cold climate studies and recommended areas of research

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