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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (2) : 6    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0987-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by carbon dioxide radical anion-based sodium percarbonate/ Fe(II)/formic acid system in aqueous solution
Wenchao Jiang, Ping Tang, Shuguang Lu(), Xiang Zhang, Zhaofu Qiu, Qian Sui
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Abstract

Complete CT degradation was achieved by SPC/Fe(II)/FA system.

Formic acid established the reductive circumstance by producing CO2·.

CO2· was the dominant active species responsible for CT degradation.

CT degradation was favorable in the pH range from 3.0 to 9.0.

SPC/Fe(II)/FA system may be suitable for CT remediation in contaminated groundwater.

The performance of sodium percarbonate (SPC) activated with ferrous ion (Fe(II)) with the addition of formic acid (FA) to stimulate the degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) was investigated. Results showed that CT could be entirely reduced within 15 min in the system at a variety of SPC/Fe(II)/FA/CT molar ratios in experimental level. Scavenging tests indicated that carbon dioxide radical anion (CO2·) was the dominant reactive oxygen species responsible for CT degradation. CT degradation rate, to a large extent, increased with increasing dosages of chemical agents and the optimal molar ratio of SPC/Fe(II)/FA/CT was set as 60/60/60/1. The initial concentration of CT can hardly affect the CT removal, while CT degradation was favorable in the pH range of 3.0–9.0, but apparently inhibited at pH 12. Cl and HCO3 of high concentration showed negative impact on CT removal. Cl released from CT was detected and the results confirmed nearly complete mineralization of CT. CT degradation was proposed by reductive C-Cl bond splitting. This study demonstrated that SPC activated with Fe(II) with the addition of FA may be promising technique for CT remediation in contaminated groundwater.

Keywords Carbon tetrachloride      Sodium percarbonate      Formic acid      Reductive radicals      Groundwater     
Corresponding Author(s): Shuguang Lu   
Issue Date: 01 September 2017
 Cite this article:   
Wenchao Jiang,Ping Tang,Shuguang Lu, et al. Enhanced reductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride by carbon dioxide radical anion-based sodium percarbonate/ Fe(II)/formic acid system in aqueous solution[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(2): 6.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-017-0987-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I2/6
Fig.1  Degradation performance of CT under Fe(II) activated SPC system with the addition of FA ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1)
Fig.2  Effect of CF, TBA and MV2+ on CT degradation ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1)
Fig.3  Influence of various SPC/Fe(II)/FA/CT molar ratio on CT removal ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1)
Fig.4  Influence of individual chemical dosage on CT removal: (a) SPC ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, initial Fe(II)/FA/CT molar ratio= 60/60/1); (b) Fe(II) ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, initial SPC/FA/CT molar ratio= 60/60/1); (c) FA ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, initial SPC/Fe(II)/CT molar ratio= 60/60/1); (d) CT (initial SPC/Fe(II)/FA molar ratio= 60/60/60)
Fig.5  Influence of initial solution pH on CT removal ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8mmol·L–1)
pHInitial (0 min)3 min5 minFinal (15 min)
Unadjusted pH2.584.044.104.24
Adjusted pH= 33.014.965.325.75
Adjusted pH= 65.965.855.785.75
Adjusted pH= 99.028.968.958.92
Adjusted pH= 1211.8611.5611.5411.46
Tab.1  Changes of pH values during the reaction in predetermined time
Fig.6  Influence of ions on CT removal: (a) Cl- ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1); (b) HCO3- ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1); (c) NO3- ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1); (d) SO42– ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8 mmol·L–1)
Fig.7  Chloride ion released and residues of chemicals along with CT degradation (a) Cl ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8mmol·L–1); (b) SPC and Fe(II) ([CT]0 = 0.130 mmol·L–1, [SPC] = [Fe(II)] = [FA] = 7.8mmol·L–1)
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