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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2017, Vol. 11 Issue (5) : 8    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6
REVIEW ARTICLE
A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy
Zebing Wu1, Wenyi Yuan2(), Jinhui Li3, Xiaoyan Wang1, Lili Liu3, Jingwei Wang2
1. School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
2. Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
3. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Abstract

Waste PCBs have a high content of valuable metals.

Hydrometallurgical technology has been widely used to extract valuable metal.

The recycling of waste PCBs using hydrometallurgy was critically reviewed.

Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life (EoL) electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments, which can cause serious health problems if effective off-gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals (especially gold and silver) from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.
Keywords Waste PCBs      Precious metals      Hydrometallurgy      Recycling      Leaching      Recovery     
Corresponding Author(s): Wenyi Yuan   
Issue Date: 31 October 2017
 Cite this article:   
Zebing Wu,Wenyi Yuan,Jinhui Li, et al. A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(5): 8.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-017-0995-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2017/V11/I5/8
Fig.1  E-waste retrieval and recycling system in Germany
Source/Weight (%) PCB scrap PCB-MP PCB-PC
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (5)
Silver - 3300 g·t -1 0.10 0.21 0.054 0.16
Palladium - - 0.010 - - -
Aluminum - 4.7 5.00 0.26 - 5.7
Gold - 80 g·t -1 0.025 0.00 0.0043 0.13
Copper 25.06 26.80 16.00 34.49 39.86 20.19
Iron 0.66 5.30 5.00 10.57 - 7.33
Nickel 0.0024 0.47 1.00 2.63 0.39 0.43
Lead 0.80 - 2.00 1.87 - 5.53
Tin - 1.00 3.00 3.39 - 8.83
Zinc 0.04 1.50 1.00 5.92 0.46 4.48
Tab.1  Metal concentrations in printed circuit boards based on metal analysis
Fig.2  Flow chart showing hydrometallurgy routes for the recycling of metals from waste PCBs
Fig.3  Dissolution of gold in the cyanide solution
Source of waste Medium conditions Recovery (%) References
E-waste Cyanide leaching (pH>10 and temperature of 25℃), applied to chloride leaching tailings Ag-93%
Au-95%
Pd-99%		 [ 39]
PCB of cell phones Commercial cyanide process (potassium cyanide concentration of 6%–8%, 25℃, 2–4 h, pH= 12.5, at S/L of 1/20) Au-60%-70% [ 40]
Tab.2  Studies on the recovery of precious metals from e-waste using cyanide [1]
Source of waste Used amount of chemicals Medium conditions Recovery (%) References
PCB Brønsted acidic ionic liquid particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% H 2O2, S/L of 1/25, 70°C, 2 h 99% Cu [ 63]
PCB [BSO 4HPy]HSO4, [BSO3HMIm]HSO4 [MIm]HSO4
[BSO3HMIm]OTf [BSO3HPy]OTf		 particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm,
10%–80% (v/v) ionic liquid,
30 wt.% H2O2, S/L of 1/1–1/15, 40°C–70°C, 0–2 h		 100% Cu [ 64]
PCB [BSO 3HMIm]OTf [BSO3HPy]OTf particle size of 0.5–1.0 mm,
10%–80% (v/v) ionic liquid
10 mL 30% H2O2, S/L of 1/1–1/15, 40°C–70°C, 0–8 h		 30% Pb [ 65]
Tab.3  Leaching of copper from waste PCBs by ionic liquid acid
Source of waste Amount of chemicals used Medium conditions Recovery (%) References
PCB In chloride medium (HCl and NaCl) oxidative leaching (HNO 3 and H2O2) 75°C 93%–95% Pd [ 39]
PCB of cell phones 1/3 (v/v) HNO 3 25 and 60°C, 2 h, S/L of 1/20 100% Ag [ 40]
Poly cracker ash of PCBs 4 M HNO 3 90°C, 1 h, stirring speed of 250 rpm 99.9% Cu, Fe, Pb, 57.01% Ni [ 61]
PCB 0.3 kmol/m 3 Cu(II)
5 kmol/m3 NH3
1 kmol/m3 (NH4)2SO4 		1.5 mm particle size, 10 g PCB, 25°C, 5 h 82% Cu [ 66]
PCB 0.5–7.5 g/L Cu 2+
4.7–46.6 g/L Cl- 		20°C–80°C, solids ratio (1%–15% w/v),
A/O of 2–4,2 h		 >91%Cu, Ni,
Fe, Ag		 [ 67]
PCB 2 M H 2SO4, in 20 ml 30% H2O2 (for 100mL solution) 30°C, 2 h 90% Au [ 68]
PCB 10% Diisoamyl sulphide (S201,>98.5%) A/O of 5, and 2 min extraction 99.5% Pd [ 69]
Tab.4  Studies regarding metal recovery with other lixiviants
Leaching methods Cyanide Aqua regia Thiourea Thiosulfate Chloride Bromide Iodide
Score 4.457 3.483 4.000 2.711 3.251 2.249 3.640
Tab.5  Final scores of various leaching methods [49]
Source of waste Used amount of chemicals Medium conditions Recovery (%) References
PCB Brønsted acidic ionic liquid particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% H 2O2, S/L of 1/25, 70°C, 2 h 99% Cu [ 63]
PCB [BSO 4HPy]HSO4, [BSO3HMIm]HSO4 [MIm]HSO4
[BSO3HMIm]OTf [BSO3HPy]OTf		 particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm,
10%–80% (v/v) ionic liquid,
30 wt.% H2O2, S/L of 1/1–1/15,
40°C–70°C, 0–2 h		 100% Cu [ 64]
PCB [BSO 3HMIm]OTf [BSO3HPy]OTf particle size of 0.5–1.0 mm,
10%–80% (v/v) ionic liquid
10 mL 30% H2O2, S/L of 1/1–1/15, 40°C–70°C, 0–8 h		 30% Pb [ 65]
Tab.6  Bioleaching of e-scrap based on various published reports
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