Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium

doi:10.1007/s11783-018-1006-2

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (2) : 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1006-2

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium

Jie Ren^1,², Zhuo Zhang^1,², Mei Wang^1,², Guanlin Guo², Ping Du²(

), Fasheng Li^1,²

¹. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
². State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

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Abstract

• Abilities of phosphates to stabilize heavy metal contaminated soils were studied.

• Phosphate-induced changes in soil pH affected the stabilization.

• Stabilization efficiencies were different in both single and ternary metal system.

• Competitive Pb stabilization was shown in soils with ternary metals.

Phosphates can cost-effectively decrease the mobility of Pb in contaminated soils. However, Pb always coexists with other metals in soil, their competitive reactions with phosphates have not been tested. In this study, the abilities of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, and K₃PO₄ to stabilize Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal for different phosphorus/metal molar ratios were investigated. Results indicated that the stabilization efficiency of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, and K₃PO₄ for Pb, Zn, and Cd in single metal contaminated soil (P/M ratio 0.6) was 96.00%–98.74%, 33.76%–47.81%, and 9.50%–55.79%, respectively. Competitive stabilization occurred in the ternary system, Pb exhibited a strong competition, the stabilization efficiency of Zn and Cd reduced by 23.50%–31.64%, and 7.10%–39.26%, respectively. Pyromorphite and amorphous lead phosphate formed with excess KH₂PO₄ or K₂HPO₄ addition, while K₃PO₄ resulted in the formation of a hydroxypyromorphite precipitate. Amorphous Zn and Cd phosphates and hydroxides were the primary products. The immobilization rate of Zn and Cd depends on pH, and increased significantly in response to the excess phosphate application. This approach provides insight into phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency in soils contaminated with multiple metals, which is of theoretical and engineering significance.

Keywords Heavy metals Metal-contaminated soil Phosphate Competitive stabilization

Corresponding Author(s): Ping Du,Fasheng Li

Issue Date: 31 October 2017

Cite this article:

Jie Ren,Zhuo Zhang,Mei Wang, et al. Phosphate-induced differences in stabilization efficiency for soils contaminated with lead, zinc, and cadmium[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(2): 10.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1006-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I2/10

Tab.1 Experimental setup for different treatment and final concentration of metals

Tab.2 Concentration of leached Pb, Zn, and Cd from soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal mixture

Fig.1 Stabilization efficiency for Pb, Zn, and Cd in soil contaminated with a single metal. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3)

Fig.2 Stabilization efficiency for Pb, Zn, and Cd in soil contaminated with a ternary metal mixture. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3)

Fig.3 Phosphate-induced pH variations in soils contaminated with a single metal or a ternary metal mixture. Phosphorus/metal equivalence ratio: 3:5 (O); 1:1(

∇

). CK= untreated soil; M= ternary contamination (Pb, Zn, and Cd). Error bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3)

Fig.4 XRD patterns for the products of reactions between phosphates and heavy metals in soil contaminated with (a) single-Pb, and (b) a ternary metal mixture (Pb, Zn, and Cd). ▾quartz SiO₂; ○ pyromorphite Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl; ●hydroxypyromorphite Pb₅(PO₄)₃OH; ■lead nitrate Pb(NO₃)₂

Fig.5 Chemical fractions of Pb, Zn, and Cd in soil contaminated with a single metal after phosphate stabilization

Fig.6 Chemical fractions of Pb, Zn, and Cd in soil contaminated with a ternary metal mixture after phosphate stabilization

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