Enzymatic nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment

doi:10.1007/s11783-018-1021-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1021-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

Enzymatic nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment

Gang Guo¹, Yayi Wang²(

), Tianwei Hao^1,³(

), Di Wu^1,^4,⁵, Guang-Hao Chen^1,^4,⁵

¹. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
². State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
³. Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
⁴. Hong Kong Branch of the Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
⁵. Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou 511458, China

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Abstract

N₂O release varies in response to enzyme-catalyzed nitrogen imbalances.

The enzymology involved in N₂O production and consumption are introduced.

The pathways of N₂O production and consumption are summarized.

Key factors affecting N₂O release and enzymatic mechanisms are summarized/revealed.

Enzymatic strategies are proposed to mitigate N₂O emissions.

Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas, is emitted during nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, significantly contributing to greenhouse effect. Nitrogen removal generally involves nitrification and denitrification catalyzed by specific enzymes. N₂O production and consumption vary considerably in response to specific enzyme-catalyzed nitrogen imbalances, but the mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Studying the regulation of related enzymes’ activity is essential to minimize N₂O emissions during wastewater treatment. This paper aims to review the poorly understood related enzymes that most commonly involved in producing and consuming N₂O in terms of their nature, structure and catalytic mechanisms. The pathways of N₂O emission during wastewater treatment are briefly introduced. The key environmental factors influencing N₂O emission through regulatory enzymes are summarized and the enzyme-based mechanisms are revealed. Several enzyme-based techniques for mitigating N₂O emissions directly or indirectly are proposed. Finally, areas for further research on N₂O release during wastewater treatment are discussed.

Keywords Nitrous oxide Mitigation Enzyme catalysis Nitrogen removal Wastewater treatment

Corresponding Author(s): Yayi Wang,Tianwei Hao

Issue Date: 05 January 2018

Cite this article:

Gang Guo,Yayi Wang,Tianwei Hao, et al. Enzymatic nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(1): 10.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1021-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I1/10

Fig.1 Three main pathways of N₂O productionalong with the related enzymes involved: (a) nitrifier denitrificationand the incomplete oxidation of NH₂OH; (b)heterotrophic denitrification (modified from [14])

Fig.2 Enzymes involved and the electron transport pathwayin the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to NO₂⁻ in Nitrosomonas europaea: ammonia monooxygenase(AMO) consisting of AmoA, AmoB and AmoC subunits; hydroxylamine oxidoreductase(HAO) containing a P₄₆₀ heme (a c-type heme);c₅₅₂ (cytochrome c₅₅₂); c₅₅₄ (cytochrome c₅₅₄); and a ubiquinone pool (UQ) (modified from [41] and [57])

Fig.3 Enzymes involved in a representative denitrificationpathway, their cellular location and dependence on metal cofactors.Denitrification is basically a redox reaction of NO₃⁻ reduced to N₂, which is performed by diverse bacteria using an organic or inorganicsubstrate as the electron donors. The electrons for each reactionoriginate in the ubiquinol pool (UQH₂), whichis replenished by the addition of organic carbon or inorganic electrondonors. Abbreviations: Nar, membrane-bound nitrate reductase; Nap,periplasmic nitrate reductase; NiR, nitrite reductase; NOR, nitricoxide reductase; N₂OR, nitrous oxide reductase; Cyt bc₁, cytochrome bc₁ (modified from[39])

Fig.4 Main factors influencing N₂Oemissions from wastewater treatment. Abbreviations: HAO, hydroxylamineoxidoreductase; NOR, nitric oxide reductase; N₂OR, nitrous oxide reductase; FNA, free nitric acid; C/N, carbon/nitrogen(modified from [19])

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