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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (6) : 2    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1044-9
REVIEW ARTICLE
Sustainability of metal recovery from E-waste
Biswajit Debnath1, Ranjana Chowdhury1, Sadhan Kumar Ghosh2()
1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Abstract

Metal recovery techniques from electronic waste reported in literature.

Metal recovery processes followed in Industries from electronic waste.

Sustainability analysis of metal recovery processes from electronic waste.

The issue of E-waste disposal is concerning all the stakeholders, from policymakers to the end users which have accelerated the research and development on environmentally sound disposal of E-waste. The recovery of metals (gold, tantalum, copper, iron etc.) from E-waste has become an important focus. The mechanical recycling, thermo-chemical processes like pyrolysis, pyro-, hydro- and bio- metallurgical processes can play important roles in the Metal Recovery from E-waste (MREW) technology. For the industrial application of the MREW technology, it is important to analyze the sustainability. In this paper, two case studies have been presented on E-waste recycling industries in India and China. Based on the literature data, an attempt has been made to assess qualitatively the overall sustainability of MREW technology considering the three pillars, i.e., environmental, economic and social. Two conceptual frameworks with (Option-2) and without (Option-1) pyrolysis for integrated MREW units have been developed and the generalized energy and environmental impact analysis has been made using the principles of LCA. The impacts of two options have been compared. Option 2 has been found to be more efficient and sustainable. It has been realized that climate change, fossil fuel depletion, water depletion, eutrophication, acidification, fresh and marine water ecotoxicity are possible impact categories. The recommendations based on the generalized assessment are in good agreement with the findings of previous researchers on individual steps of MREW unit. The findings of this paper are expected to be beneficial to researchers and stakeholders for research directions and decision making on MREW.
Keywords E-waste      Metal recovery      Metal Recovery from E-waste (MREW)      Sustainability     
Corresponding Author(s): Sadhan Kumar Ghosh   
Issue Date: 19 August 2018
 Cite this article:   
Biswajit Debnath,Ranjana Chowdhury,Sadhan Kumar Ghosh. Sustainability of metal recovery from E-waste[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(6): 2.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1044-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I6/2
Name Cu Al Pb Zn Ni Fe Sn
Concentration in wt% 6.9287 14.1723 6.2988 2.2046 0.8503 20.4712 1.0078
Tab.1  Typicalcomposition of basic metals in PCB (E-waste guide info)
Name Sb Au Ag Pd Ga Ge As Ti Ta Co Se Ni Cd
wt% 0.0094 0.0016 0.0189 0.0003 0.0013 0.0016 0.0063 0.0157 0.0157 0.0157 0.0016 0.0002 0.0094
Tab.2  Typicalcomposition of rare earth and valuable metals in PCB (E-waste guide info)
Fig.1  Process of E-waste recycling in Indian Unit
Fig.2  Process for CRT recycling in Indian Unit
Fig.3  Process for E-waste recycling in Chinese Unit
Fig.4  Conceptual framework with conventional mechanical pre-treatment followed by metallurgical processing for MREW (Option-1)
Fig.5  Conceptual framework with light mechanical recycling and pyrolysis as pre-treatment followed by metallurgical processing for MREW (Option-2)
Technology Type of LCA Functional unit Database /Method used Geographical location Highest impact categories
Pyrolysis (Alston and Arnold, 2011) Comparison with landfill and incineration E-waste containing 1 kg of plastic Ecoinvent United Kingdom 1. Marine aquatic toxicity
2. Freshwater aquatic toxicity
3. Carcinogens
4. Carbon Deposit
5. Climate change
6. Abiotic depletion
7. Eutrophication
8. Radiation
Pyrometallurgical processes (Ghodrat et al., 2017) Comparison of secondary copper smelting with and without E-waste. An input rate of 12,500 kg per hour of feed materials, (48 wt% copper scrap/metal oxides, 48 wt% waste PCB, 3.4 wt% slag and 0.6 wt% coke) ReCiPe Australia 1. Human Toxicity
2. Climate Change
3. Marine eutrophication
4. Freshwater eutrophication
5. Fresh water ecotoxicity
6. Water depletion
Hydrometallurgical processes (Iannicelli-Zubiani et al., 2017) Standalone LCA 100 kg of electronic boards of mobile phones Data obtained from pilot plant and SimaPro EU/Italy 1. Eutrophication
2. Acidification
3. Global warming
4. Abiotic depletion
5. Human toxicity
Tab.3  Details of environmental LCA of different technologies
Recovery processes Typical industry Input material Expected output material Machinery involved Disadvantages References
Pyrolysis Jectec, Japan Different PCB Cu, Fe etc Pyrolyzer High energy penalty (De Marco et al., 2008; Ghosh et al. 2014)
Plasma Process PyroGenesis Canada Inc. All type of
PCB		 Base Metals and Precious metals. Plasma torch chamber Very costly (Tippayawong and Khongkrapan, 2009)
CRT Treatment E-Parisaara India TV, Monitor etc Hg may be recovered Laser Cutter Toxic pollutants and health hazard (Ling and Poon, 2012; Ghosh et al. 2014)
Leaching Umicore PCB chips or paste Gold and other precious metals Reactor Toxic waste water (Hagelüken, 2006; Kim et al., 2011)
Bioleaching N/A PCB chips or paste at certain % Gold and other precious metals Bio-reactor Very slow process (Alan et al., 2005)
Smelting & Electro-chemical refining Umicore,
Outotec TSL, Aurubis recycling.		 All kinds of PCB Different base metals (Cu, Fe etc) & noble metals (Ag, Au, Pt). Smelting device Higher emission, high energy penalty, slag generation etc (Khaliq et al., 2014; Cui and Zhang, 2008)
Tab.4  Details of metal recovery processes from E-waste
Stakeholder category Subcategories References
Worker Working Hours Umair et al. 2015
Child Labour
Health and Safety
Social Security
Wages
Equal opportunities/discrimination
Local community Safety and health Umair et al. 2015
Community engagement
Local Employment
Society Public contribution to sustainable issues Umair et al. 2015
Contribution to economic development
Governance Corruption United Nations, 2007
Crime
Demographics Population United Nations, 2007
Education Education Level Ghodrat et al., 2017
Literacy
Awareness
Tab.5  Stakeholder category and sub-categories for social LCA of E-waste
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