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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (5) : 2    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1071-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Microbial responses to combined oxidation and catalysis treatment of 1,4-dioxane and co-contaminants in groundwater and soil
Yu Miao1, Nicholas W. Johnson1, Kimberly Heck2, Sujin Guo2, Camilah D. Powell2, Thien Phan1, Phillip B. Gedalanga1,3, David T. Adamson4, Charles J. Newell4, Michael S. Wong2, Shaily Mahendra1()
1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
3. Department of Health Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
4. GSI Environmental Inc., Houston, TX 77098, USA
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Abstract

Groundwater microbial community was altered after catalysis and chemical oxidation.

The coupled treatment train removed 90% 1,4-dioxane regardless of co-contaminants.

Dynamics of microbial populations varied along with different treatment stages.

Many microbial taxa exhibited resilience against oxidative and catalytic treatments.

Metagenomic analysis will be valuable for long-term management of polluted sites.

Post-treatment impacts of a novel combined hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation and WOx/ZrO2 catalysis used for the removal of 1,4-dioxane and chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) contaminants were investigated in soil and groundwater microbial community. This treatment train removed ~90% 1,4-dioxane regardless of initial concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs. The Illumina Miseq platform and bioinformatics were used to study the changes to microbial community structure. This approach determined that dynamic shifts of microbiomes were associated with conditions specific to treatments as well as 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs mixtures. The biodiversity was observed to decrease only after oxidation under conditions that included high levels of 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs, but increased when 1,4-dioxane was present without CVOCs. WOx/ZrO2 catalysis reduced biodiversity across all conditions. Taxonomic classification demonstrated oxidative tolerance for members of the genera Massilia and Rhodococcus, while catalyst tolerance was observed for members of the genera Sphingomonas and Devosia. Linear discriminant analysis effect size was a useful statistical tool to highlight representative microbes, while the multidimensional analysis elucidated the separation of microbiomes under the low 1,4-dioxane-only condition from all other conditions containing CVOCs, as well as the differences of microbial population among original, post-oxidation, and post-catalysis states. The results of this study enhance our understanding of microbial community responses to a promising chemical treatment train, and the metagenomic analysis will help practitioners predict the microbial community status during the post-treatment period, which may have consequences for long-term management strategies that include additional biodegradation treatment or natural attenuation.
Keywords Coupled treatments      Chlorinated solvents      Diethylene ether      Biological diversity      Microbial populations      Biomarkers     
Corresponding Author(s): Shaily Mahendra   
Issue Date: 14 September 2018
 Cite this article:   
Yu Miao,Nicholas W. Johnson,Kimberly Heck, et al. Microbial responses to combined oxidation and catalysis treatment of 1,4-dioxane and co-contaminants in groundwater and soil[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(5): 2.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1071-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I5/2
Fig.1  1,4-Dioxane trends in microcosms during oxidation-catalysis treatment train under different initial 1,4-dioxane and CVOCs concentrations. The solid lines refer to primary Y-axis indicating 1,4-dioxane concentrations, and the dotted lines correspond to secondary Y-axis indicating 1,4-dioxane removals after each treatment process. Each condition was conducted in triplicate microcosms.
Fig.2  Trends of dynamics of microbial community with the 30 most abundant genera at each time point under all conditions
Fig.3  Rarefaction curves (average OTUs) during oxidation-catalysis treatment train.
Fig.4  Cluster analysis among samples at each time point under all conditions during oxidation-catalysis treatment train (average OTUs). All samples were classified to OTUs level and pooled together to show integral shift among conditions and time points.
Fig.5  Dynamics of the microbial community at each time point under all conditions at the 0.97-OTUs level during oxidation-catalysis treatment train. PCoA biplots show UniFrac distances (weighted (a) and unweighted (b)) based on qualitative (i.e., phylogeny) measures of microbial community with and without quantitative (i.e., abundance) measures.
Fig.6  Taxonomic cladogram obtained using LEfSe analysis of the 16S sequences indicating the phylogenetic distribution of microbial lineages associated with the three treatment states, and only the taxa meeting a significant LDA threshold value of>4 are shown. Differences are represented in the unique color of each state (green for original state, blue for post-oxidation state, red for post-catalysis state, and yellow nonsignificant), and highlighted taxa indicate enrichment of those specific taxa within the treatment state that corresponds to the highlighting color (shading and label). Circles represent phylogenetic levels from phylum to species (OTUs) inside out, and each circle’s diameter is proportional to the taxon’s abundance.
Fig.7  Taxonomic cladogram obtained using LEfSe analysis of the 16S sequences indicating the phylogenetic distribution of microbial lineages associated with the three treatment states, and only the taxa meeting a significant LDA threshold value of >4 are shown. Differences are represented in the unique color of each condition, and highlighted taxa indicate enrichment of that taxa within the treatment state that corresponds to the highlighting color (shading and label). Circles represent phylogenetic levels from phylum to species (OTUs) inside out, and each circle’s diameter is proportional to the taxon’s abundance.
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