Review on design and evaluation of environmental photocatalysts

doi:10.1007/s11783-018-1076-1

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (5) : 14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1076-1

FEATURE ARTICLE

Review on design and evaluation of environmental photocatalysts

Xin Li¹(

), Jun Xie¹, Chuanjia Jiang², Jiaguo Yu², Pengyi Zhang³(

)

¹. College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
². State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
³. School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation & Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Download: PDF(8528 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Fundamentals on the photocatalytic degradation were systematically summarized.

Charge carrier dynamics for the photocatalytic degradation were reviewed.

Adsorption and photodegradation kinetics of reactants were highlighted.

The mechanism aspects, including O₂ reduction, reactive oxidation species and key intermediates were also addressed.

Selectivity and stability of semiconductors for photodegradation were clarified.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has long been considered to be one of the most promising approaches to tackling the myriad environmental issues. However, there are still many challenges for designing efficient and cost-effective photocatalysts and photocatalytic degradation systems for application in practical environmental remediation. In this review, we first systematically introduced the fundamental principles on the photocatalytic pollutant degradation. Then, the important considerations in the design of photocatalytic degradation systems are carefully addressed, including charge carrier dynamics, catalytic selectivity, photocatalyst stability, pollutant adsorption and photodegradation kinetics. Especially, the underlying mechanisms are thoroughly reviewed, including investigation of oxygen reduction properties and identification of reactive oxygen species and key intermediates. This review in environmental photocatalysis may inspire exciting new directions and methods for designing, fabricating and evaluating photocatalytic degradation systems for better environmental remediation and possibly other relevant fields, such as photocatalytic disinfection, water oxidation, and selective organic transformations.

Keywords Photocatalytic degradation Environmental remediation Charge carrier dynamics Reactive oxygen species O₂ reduction

Corresponding Author(s): Xin Li,Jiaguo Yu

Issue Date: 20 September 2018

Cite this article:

Xin Li,Jun Xie,Chuanjia Jiang, et al. Review on design and evaluation of environmental photocatalysts[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(5): 14.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1076-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I5/14

Fig.1 The number of publications using “photocatal*” and “degrad*” as two topic keywords since 1998. (Adapted from ISI Web of Science Core Collection, date of search: Jul. 7, 2018).

Fig.2 Heterogeneous photodegradation systems for various pollutants.

Fig.3 Schematic of photocatalytic degradation of pollutants over a semiconductor photocatalyst under light irradiation.

Fig.4 Practical requirements for the photocatalysts in environmental remediation.

Fig.5 Band positions and potential applications of typical photocatalysts for environmental remediation (at pH= 7 in aqueous solutions), with highlights on the oxidation abilities and generation of reactive oxygen species (e.g., •OH and •O₂^- radicals).

Fig.6 (a) Photocatalytic degradation reactions with DG<0 driven by the active oxygen radicals generated by photochemical energy (^{Chen et al., 2010}); (b) Artificial photosynthesis by photocatalytic water splitting with DG>0 (^{Kudo and Miseki, 2009}).

Fig.7 Kinetic processes of photocatalysis.

Fig.8 Semiconductor modification strategies for photocatalytic degradation.

Fig.9 Time-resolved PL spectra of CdS counterpart and Au-CdS nanocrystals with the shell thickness of (a) 14.0 and (b) 18.6 nm; (c) Photocatalytic activity of Au-CdS nanocrystals with different shell thicknesses toward degradation RhB; (d) CdS thickness-dependent electron-transfer rate constant (k_et) and rate constant of RhB photodegradation (k_RhB) over Au-CdS core-shell nanocrystals (^{Yang et al., 2010}).

Fig.10 Time-resolved PL spectra of RhB in the presence of (a) pure In₂O₃ nanocrystals, In₂O₃-TiO₂ NBs, and In₂O₃-TiO₂-1.0 wt % Pt NBs, and (b) In₂O₃-TiO₂-Pt NBs with different Pt contents; (c) The corresponding ln(C/C₀) vs irradiation time plots with the fitting results included; (d) Pt content-dependent electron-scavenging rate constant (k_es) and rate constant of MB photodegradation (k_MB) over In₂O₃-TiO₂-Pt NBs (^{Chen et al., 2012}).

Fig.11 (a) Steady-state and (b and c) time-resolved transient photoluminescence spectra of (a in part a, b) g-C₃N₄ nanosheets and (b in part a, c) 5 wt% SnS₂/g-C₃N_4; (d) Schematic illustration of transfer mechanism of charge carriers in SnS₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions (^{Zhang et al., 2015c}).

Fig.12 Open-circuit photovoltage response of (a) optically transparent electrodes (OTE)/TiO_2; (b) OTE/SnO₂, and (c) OTE/SnO₂/TiO₂ (with saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode) to UV illumination in 0.02 M NaOH electrolytes saturated with (a) N₂ and (b) O_2; (d) NBB degradation kinetics over the different semiconductor films at a bias potential of 0.8 V vs SCE (in N₂-saturated solutions at unbuffered pH 5) (^{Vinodgopal et al., 1996}).

Fig.13 (a)Transient photovoltage (TPV) signal (l = 355 nm), and (b) visible-light photodegradation kinetics of MB by BiVO₄ with different crystalline phases (l>400 nm; initial MB concentration= 10 mg/L) (^{Fan et al., 2012}).

Fig.14 The band positions of CdS and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of RhB, MO and MB dyes vs. NHE at pH= 0 (^{Li et al., 2015d}).

Fig.15 (a) Comparison of RGO-CNT and P25 TiO₂ for photodegradation of RhB under different experimental conditions; (b) Schematic illustration of multi-step electron transfer mechanism for the visible-light photosensitized degradation of RhB over RGO - CNT (^{Zhang et al., 2010}).

Fig.16 (A) Photocatalytic degradation of MB aqueous solution using (a) Ag₂CrO₄, (b) Ag₂MoO₄, (c) Ag₂WO₄, and (d) P25 under visible-light irradiation. Photocatalytic mechanism of (B) Ag₂CrO₄, Ag₂WO₄, and (C)Ag₂MoO₄(^{Xu et al., 2015b}).

Fig.17 (a,b) Scanning electron microscopy images of the TiO₂ films composed of flower-like TiO₂ microspheres with exposed (001) facets prepared by hydrothermal treatment of Ti foil at 180°C for 1 h; (c) Schematic illustration for the selective adsorption of pollutants on the TiO₂ surface; (d) Photocatalytic degradation activity and selectivity toward different adsorbates of the TiO₂ films prepared at 180°C for 1 h before (T1-F) and after NaOH washing (T1-OH) (^{Xiang et al., 2011}).

Fig.18 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (a and b) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) (c) images of G0.5–TiO₂; (d) schematic illustration of graphene-mediated dye adsorption and the interfacial charge separation and transfer; (e) the adsorption behavior of MO (e) and MB (f) dyes on the Gx–TiO₂ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2) surface (^{Liu et al., 2012}).

Fig.19 Adsorption kinetics of MB on different photocatalysts (C₀ = 30 mg/L, V = 200 mL, m = 50mg, t = 25°C, BC and GC represent bamboo charcoal and mesoporous graphene-like carbon nanosheets) (^{Wu et al., 2015}).

Tab.1 Kinetic model parameters for the adsorption of MB (^{Wu et al., 2015})

Fig.20 (a) Photodegradation kinetics curves of MB with different amounts of photocatalysts (200 mL of MB solution (30 mg/L), pH= 7, a 300 W Xenon lamp); (b) Effect of solution pH on MB degradation (200 mL of MB solution (30 mg/L), the catalyst amount of photocatalyst: 50 mg, a 300 W Xenon lamp) (^{Wu et al., 2015}).

Fig.21 (a) Increase in SPR-mediated local electromagnetic field in Bi nanospheres with a wavelength of 420 nm; (b) Schematic mechanism of charge separation and photocatalytic NO_x purification of Bi spheres/g-C₃N₄(^{Dong et al., 2015b}).

Fig.22 (a) TEM image of 1 wt% GO/Ag₂CrO₄; (b) The comparison of visible-light rate constants for MB degradation over the Gx/Ag₂CrO₄ samples (x represents the theoretical weight ratios of GO to Ag₂CrO₄ (x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2 and 3); (c) Z-scheme charge separation and photocatalytic degradation mechanism for GO/Ag₂CrO₄ composite photocatalysts (^{Xu et al., 2015a}).

Fig.23 (A) The photocatalytic reaction and charge transfer mechanism of the Ag/Ag₂CO₃-rGO photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation; (B) Cycling run performance in the photocatalytic oxidation of MO in the presence of Ag₂CO₃ (a) and Ag/Ag₂CO₃-rGO (b) (^{Song et al., 2016}).

Fig.24 (A) Photocatalytic phenol degradation ratios over Ag₂CO₃ and N-CQDs/ Ag₂CO₃; (B) Phenol degradation ratios over Ag₂CO₃, 3N-CQDs/Ag₂CO₃ and 3CQDs/ Ag₂CO₃. (C) Schematic illustration for enhanced photocatalytic phenol degradation over N-CQDs/Ag₂CO₃(^{Tian et al., 2017}).

Fig.25 Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) polarization plots of polyterthiophene (pTTh)/glassy carbon electrode under 580 nm and 385 nm monochromatic light irradiation with the same light intensity (a) and different light intensities (c). (b, d) Current density histograms for samples in parts (a) and (c) at fixed potentials (^{Zhang et al., 2016a}).

Fig.26 (a) Photodegradation stability test toward NO over the g-C₃N₄/Al₂O₃ ceramic foam composite photocatalysts; (b and c) Spin-trapping EPR spectra of immobilized g-C₃N₄ for (b) DMPO–•O₂^– (in methanol dispersion) and (c) DMPO–•OH (in aqueous dispersion); (d) Schematic illustration for Lewis acid properties of Al atoms accepting lone electron pair from g-C₃N₄ (^{Dong et al., 2014}).

Fig.27 (a) The photocatalytic degradation rate constant of HCHO and (b) time-dependent PL intensity at 425 nm for g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/TiO2 composite samples (Ux, where x represents the weight percentage ratio of urea against P25 in the synthesis precursor). (c) Schematic illustration of band levels of g-C3N4 and TiO2 together with OH^-/•OH and O₂/•O₂^- redox potentials. (d) Conventional type II heterojunctions between g-C3N4 and TiO2 cannot explain the experimental results (^{Yu et al., 2013b}).

Fig.28 (a) Radical trapping experiments on the photocatalytic activity of 5.0 wt% WO₃/g-C₃N₄ toward degradation of MB and BF (Dosage of scavengers= 0.1 mmol/L; irradiation duration= 60 min). MB and BF denote methylene blue and basic fuchsin, respectively. (b–c) Schematics showing heterojunction and Z-scheme charge separation mechanisms (^{Chen et al., 2014}).

Fig.29 (a) Photocatalytic degradation of RhB (2 × 10^-⁵ mol/L) over g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄ + ZnTcPc (0.64%), g-C₃N₄/ZnTcPc (0.64%) and ZnTcPc under visible light irradiation; (b) Radical trapping experiments on visible-light photo-degradation of RhB (2 × 10^-⁵ mol/L) over g-C₃N₄/ZnTcPc (0.1 g/L, pH 9, l>400 nm); (c) The EPR signal intensity of TEMP (10 mM, pH 9) in aqueous solution with g-C₃N₄/ZnTcPc under visible light irradiation (l>400 nm); (d) Schematic mechanism diagram of visible-light photodegradation over g-C₃N₄/ZnTcPc photocatalyst (l>400 nm) (^{Lu et al., 2016a}).

Fig.30 EPR spectra for (A) singlet oxygen generation from nanocomposites without irradiation (a) CuO–SiO₂ (b), Fe₂O₃–SiO₂ (c) and ZnO–SiO₂ (d) during irradiation (50 mM 4-oxo-TEMP+ 2 mg/mL nanocomposites);(B) electron generation of nanocomposites under illumination in the absence (a) and presence of CuO–SiO₂ (b), Fe₂O₃–SiO₂ (c) and ZnO–SiO₂ (d) (0.05 mM TEMPO+ 2 mg/mL nanocomposites). (C) Photocatalytic activity of CuO–SiO₂, Fe₂O₃–SiO₂ and ZnO–SiO₂ on degradation of BPA under irradiation. (D) Band levels of CuO, Fe₂O₃ and ZnO and the standard redox potentials of singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical (^{Zhao et al., 2017}).

Fig.31 Proposed photocatalytic degradation pathway of acyclovir (The energy data are given in unit of kcal/mol) (^{An et al., 2015}).

1	Abe R, Takami H, Murakami N, Ohtani B (2008). Pristine simple oxides as visible light driven photocatalysts: Highly efficient decomposition of organic compounds over platinum-loaded tungsten oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(25): 7780–7781 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja800835q pmid: 18512908
2	Amornpitoksuk P, Suwanboon S (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of dyes by AgBr/Ag3PO4 and the ecotoxicities of their degraded products. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(5): 711–719 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61078-6
3	An T, An J, Gao Y, Li G, Fang H, Song W (2015). Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization mechanism and toxicity assessment of antivirus drug acyclovir: Experimental and theoretical studies. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 164: 279–287 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.009
4	Armakovic S J, Armakovic S, Fincur N L, Sibul F, Vione D, Setrajcic J P, Abramovic B F (2015). Influence of electron acceptors on the kinetics of metoprolol photocatalytic degradation in TiO2 suspension: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Rsc. Adv., 5(67): 54589–54604 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA10523D
5	Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001). Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science, 293(5528): 269–271 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061051 pmid: 11452117
6	Bagheri S, TermehYousefi A, Do T O (2017). Photocatalytic pathway toward degradation of environmental pharmaceutical pollutants: Structure, kinetics and mechanism approach. Catalysis Science & Technology, 7(20): 4548–4569 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CY00468K
7	Bai X, Wang L, Zong R, Lv Y, Sun Y, Zhu Y (2013). Performance enhancement of ZnO photocatalyst via synergic effect of surface oxygen defect and graphene hybridization. Langmuir, 29(9): 3097–3105 https://doi.org/10.1021/la4001768 pmid: 23419119
8	Ball W P, Roberts P V (1991). Long-term sorption of halogenated organic chemicals by aquifer material. 2. Intraparticle diffusion. Environmental Science & Technology, 25(7): 1237–1249 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00019a003
9	Cao S, Low J, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2015). Polymeric photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride. Advanced Materials, 27(13): 2150–2176 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201500033 pmid: 25704586
10	Chai B, Yan J T, Wang C L, Ren Z D, Zhu Y C (2017). Enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B over phosphorus doped graphitic carbon nitride. Applied Surface Science, 391: 376–383 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.180
11	Chatterjee D, Dasgupta S (2005). Visible light induced photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 6(2–3): 186–205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.09.001
12	Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J (2010). Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants under visible-light irradiation. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(11): 4206–4219 https://doi.org/10.1039/b921692h pmid: 20852775
13	Chen M J, Huang Y, Lee S C (2017a). Salt-assisted synthesis of hollow Bi2WO6 microspheres with superior photocatalytic activity for NO removal. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 348–356 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62584-6
14	Chen M J, Huang Y, Yao J, Cao J J, Liu Y (2018). Visible-light-driven N-(BiO)2CO3/Graphene oxide composites with improved photocatalytic activity and selectivity for NOx removal. Applied Surface Science, 430: 137–144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.06.056
15	Chen M Y, Hsu Y J (2013). Type-II nanorod heterostructure formation through one-step cation exchange. Nanoscale, 5(1): 363–368 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2NR32879H pmid: 23172154
16	Chen S F, Hu Y F, Meng S G, Fu X L (2014). Study on the separation mechanisms of photogenerated electrons and holes for composite photocatalysts g-C3N4–WO3. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 150: 564–573 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.12.053
17	Chen S Y, Yan R, Zhang X L, Hu K, Li Z J, Humayun M, Qu Y, Jing L Q (2017b). Photogenerated electron modulation to dominantly induce efficient 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation on BiOBr nanoplates with different phosphate modification. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 209: 320–328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.003
18	Chen Y C, Katsumata K, Chiu Y H, Okada K, Matsushita N, Hsu Y J (2015a). ZnO-graphene composites as practical photocatalysts for gaseous acetaldehyde degradation and electrolytic water oxidation. Applied Catalysis A, General, 490: 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.10.055
19	Chen Y C, Liu T C, Hsu Y J (2015b). ZnSe·0.5N2H4 hybrid nanostructures: A promising alternative photocatalyst for solar conversion. Acs Appl. Mater. Inter., 7(3): 1616–1623 https://doi.org/10.1021/am507085u pmid: 25541641
20	Chen Y C, Pu Y C, Hsu Y J (2012). Interfacial charge carrier dynamics of the three-component In2O3-TiO2-Pt heterojunction system. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(4): 2967–2975 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp210033y
21	Chiu Y H, Hsu Y J (2017). Au@Cu7S4 yolk@shell nanocrystal-decorated TiO2 nanowires as an all-day-active photocatalyst for environmental purification. Nano Energy, 31: 286–295 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.11.036
22	Chong M N, Jin B, Chow C W K, Saint C (2010). Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: A review. Water Research, 44(10): 2997–3027 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039 pmid: 20378145
23	Chu X L, Shan G Q, Chang C, Fu Y, Yue L F, Zhu L Y (2016). Effective degradation of tetracycline by mesoporous Bi2WO6 under visible light irradiation. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(2): 211–218 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0753-y
24	Cruz M, Gomez C, Duran-Valle C J, Pastrana-Martinez L M, Faria J L, Silva A M T, Faraldos M, Bahamonde A (2017). Bare TiO2 and graphene oxide TiO2 photocatalysts on the degradationof selected pesticides and influence of the water matrix. Applied Surface Science, 416: 1013–1021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.09.268
25	Cui L F, Ding X, Wang Y G, Shi H C, Huang L H, Zuo Y H, Kang S F (2017). Facile preparation of Z-scheme WO3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light. Applied Surface Science, 391: 202–210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.055
26	Daimon T, Hirakawa T, Kitazawa M, Suetake J, Nosaka Y (2008). Formation of singlet molecular oxygen associated with the formation of superoxide radicals in aqueous suspensions of TiO2 photocatalysts. Applied Catalysis A, General, 340(2): 169–175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2008.02.012
27	Daimon T, Nosaka Y (2007). Formation and behavior of singlet molecular oxygen in TiO2 photocatalysis studied by detection of near-infrared phosphorescence. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(11): 4420–4424 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp070028y
28	Di Paola A, García-López E, Marcì G, Palmisano L (2012). A survey of photocatalytic materials for environmental remediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 211-212: 3–29 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.050 pmid: 22169148
29	Ding J, Dai Z, Qin F, Zhao H P, Zhao S, Chen R (2017a). Z-scheme BiO1-xBr/Bi2O2CO3 photocatalyst with rich oxygen vacancy as electron mediator for highly efficient degradation of antibiotics. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 205: 281–291 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.12.018
30	Ding Y B, Zhang G L, Wang X R, Zhu L H, Tang H Q (2017b). Chemical and photocatalytic oxidative degradation of carbamazepine by using metastable Bi3+ self-doped NaBiO3 nanosheets as a bifunctional material. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 202: 528–538 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.09.054
31	Dong F, Li Y H, Wang Z Y, Ho W K (2015a). Enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity and oxidation ability of porous graphene-like g-C3N4 nanosheets via thermal exfoliation. Applied Surface Science, 358: 393–403 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.034
32	Dong F, Wang Z, Li Y, Ho W K, Lee S C (2014). Immobilization of polymeric g-C3N4 on structured ceramic foam for efficient visible light photocatalytic air purification with real indoor illumination. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(17): 10345–10353 https://doi.org/10.1021/es502290f pmid: 25105692
33	Dong F, Zhao Z, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Yan S, Wu Z (2015b). An advanced semimetal-organic bi spheres-g-C3N4 nanohybrid with SPR-enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance for NO purification. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(20): 12432–12440 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03758 pmid: 26375261
34	Dong W H, Wu D D, Luo J M, Xing Q J, Liu H, Zou J P, Luo X B, Min X B, Liu H L, Luo S L, Au C T (2017). Coupling of photodegradation of RhB with photoreduction of CO2 over rGO/SrTi0.95Fe0.05O3-delta catalyst: A strategy for one-pot conversion of organic pollutants to methanol and ethanol. Journal of Catalysis, 349: 218–225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.02.004
35	Dong W Y, Yao Y W, Sun Y J, Hua W M, Zhuang G S (2016). Preparation of three-dimensional interconnected mesoporous anatase TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposites with high photocatalytic activities. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(6): 846–854 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61081-6
36	Duan Y Y, Song S Q, Cheng B, Yu J G, Jiang C J (2017). Effects of hierarchical structure on the performance of tin oxide-supported platinum catalyst for room-temperature formaldehyde oxidation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 199–206 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62551-2
37	Fan H, Jiang T, Li H, Wang D, Wang L, Zhai J, He D, Wang P, Xie T (2012). Effect of BiVO4 crystalline phases on the photoinduced carriers behavior and photocatalytic activity. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(3): 2425–2430 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp206798d
38	Fang G D, Liu C, Wang Y J, Dionysiou D D, Zhou D M (2017). Photogeneration of reactive oxygen species from biochar suspension for diethyl phthalate degradation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 214: 34–45 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.036
39	Fotiou T, Triantis T M, Kaloudis T, O’Shea K E, Dionysiou D D, Hiskia A (2016). Assessment of the roles of reactive oxygen species in the UV and visible light photocatalytic degradation of cyanotoxins and water taste and odor compounds using C-TiO2. Water Research, 90: 52–61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.006 pmid: 26724439
40	Frank S N, Bard A J (1977). Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide ion in aqueous solutions at titanium dioxide powder. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 99(1): 303–304 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00443a081
41	Fu H, Xu T, Zhu S, Zhu Y (2008). Photocorrosion inhibition and enhancement of photocatalytic activity for ZnO via hybridization with C60. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(21): 8064–8069 https://doi.org/10.1021/es801484x pmid: 19031903
42	Fu J, Yu J, Jiang C, Cheng B (2017a). g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts. Advanced Energy Materials, 8(3): 1701503 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201701503
43	Fu Y, Li Z, Liu Q, Yang X, Tang H (2017b). Construction of carbon nitride and MoS2 quantum dot 2D/0D hybrid photocatalyst: Direct Z-scheme mechanism for improved photocatalytic activity. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2160–2170 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62911-5
44	Guerin V M, Zouzelka R, Bibova-Lipsova H, Jirkovsky J, Rathousky J, Pauporte T (2015). Experimental and DFT study of the degradation of 4-chlorophenol on hierarchical micro-/nanostructured oxide films. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 168: 132–140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.12.041
45	Han X P, Lu J A, Tian L, Kong L R, Lu X M, Mei Y, Wang J W, Fan X X (2017). Ag-loaded mesoporous Pb3Nb2O8 photocatalysts with enhanced activity under visible-light irradiation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(1): 83–91 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62575-5
46	He D, Li Y L, Wang I S, Wu J S, Yang Y L, An Q E (2017a). Carbon wrapped and doped TiO2 mesoporous nanostructure with efficient visible-light photocatalysis for NO removal. Applied Surface Science, 391: 318–325 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.186
47	He K, Xie J, Luo X, Wen J, Ma S, Li X, Fang Y, Zhang X (2017b). Enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2 production over Z-scheme g-C3N4 nansheets/WO3 nanorods nanocomposites loaded with Ni(OH)x cocatalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 240–252 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62759-1
48	He M Q, Bao L L, Sun K Y, Zhao D X, Li W B, Xia J X, Li H M (2014a). Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole/titanium dioxide nanocomposites and its selective photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. Express Polymer Letters, 8(11): 850–861 https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2014.86
49	He R A, Cao S W, Guo D P, Cheng B, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A, Yu J G (2015). 3D BiOI-GO composite with enhanced photocatalytic performance for phenol degradation under visible-light. Ceramics International, 41(3): 3511–3517 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.11.003
50	He R A, Cao S W, Yu J G (2016a). Recent Advances in morphology control and surface modification of Bi-based photocatalysts. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica , 32(12): 2841–2870
51	He R A, Cao S W, Yu J G, Yang Y C (2016b). Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of Bi4O5I2 hierarchical architectures with high photocatalytic performance. Catalysis Today, 264: 221–228 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2015.07.029
52	He R A, Cao S W, Zhou P, Yu J G (2014b). Recent advances in visible light Bi-based photocatalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 35(7): 989–1007 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(14)60075-9
53	He R, Zhang J, Yu J, Cao S (2016c). Room-temperature synthesis of BiOI with tailorable (001) facets and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 478: 201–208 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.012 pmid: 27295322
54	He R A, Zhou J Q, Fu H Q, Zhang S Y, Jiang C J (2018). Room-temperature in situ fabrication of Bi2O3/g-C3N4 direct Z-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 430: 273–282 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.191
55	He W, Kim H K, Wamer W G, Melka D, Callahan J H, Yin J J (2014c). Photogenerated charge carriers and reactive oxygen species in ZnO/Au hybrid nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136(2): 750–757 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja410800y pmid: 24354568
56	Herrmann J M (2010). Environmental photocatalysis: Perspectives for China. Science China. Chemistry, 53(9): 1831–1843 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-010-4076-y
57	Hoffmann M, Martin S, Choi W, Bahnemann D (1995). Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis. Chemical Reviews, 95(1): 69–96 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004
58	Huang H B, Lu H X, Zhan Y J, Liu G Y, Feng Q Y, Huang H L, Wu M Y, Ye X G (2017a). VUV photo-oxidation of gaseous benzene combined with ozone-assisted catalytic oxidation: Effect on transition metal catalyst. Applied Surface Science, 391: 662–667 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.040
59	Huang S Q, Xu Y G, Liu Q Q, Zhou T, Zhao Y, Jing L Q, Xu H, Li H M (2017b). Enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and photocatalytic performance via adding oxygen reduction reaction catalysts into the photocatalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 218: 174–185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.06.030
60	Iervolino G, Tantis I, Sygellou L, Vaiano V, Sannino D, Lianos P (2017). Photocurrent increase by metal modification of Fe2O3 photoanodes and its effect on photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production by degradation of organic substances. Applied Surface Science, 400: 176–183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.173
61	Jańczyk A, Krakowska E, Stochel G, Macyk W (2006). Singlet oxygen photogeneration at surface modified titanium dioxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(49): 15574–15575 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja065970m pmid: 17147351
62	Jiang C, Aiken G R, Hsu-Kim H (2015). Effects of natural organic matter properties on the dissolution kinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(19): 11476–11484 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02406 pmid: 26355264
63	Jiang C, Hsu-Kim H (2014). Direct in situ measurement of dissolved zinc in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles using anodic stripping voltammetry. Imp., 16(11): 2536–2544 pmid: 25220562
64	Jiang C J, Liu L F, Crittenden J C (2016). An electrochemical process that uses an Fe0/TiO2 cathode to degrade typical dyes and antibiotics and a bio-anode that produces electricity. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(4): 15 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0860-z
65	Jin X L, Ye L Q, Xie H Q, Chen G (2017). Bismuth-rich bismuth oxyhalides for environmental and energy photocatalysis. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 349: 84–101 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.010
66	Kamal T, Anwar Y, Khan S B, Chani M T S, Asiri A M (2016). Dye adsorption and bactericidal properties of TiO2/chitosan coating layer. Carbohydrate Polymers, 148: 153–160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.042 pmid: 27185126
67	Kanakaraju D, Glass B D, Oelgemoller M (2014). Titanium dioxide photocatalysis for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12(1): 27–47 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0428-0
68	Kim H, Kim W, Mackeyev Y, Lee G S, Kim H J, Tachikawa T, Hong S, Lee S, Kim J, Wilson L J, Majima T, Alvarez P J J, Choi W, Lee J (2012a). Selective oxidative degradation of organic pollutants by singlet oxygen-mediated photosensitization: tin porphyrin versus C60 aminofullerene systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(17): 9606–9613 https://doi.org/10.1021/es301775k pmid: 22852818
69	Kim J, Choi W (2010). Hydrogen producing water treatment through solar photocatalysis. Energy & Environmental Science, 3(8): 1042–1045 https://doi.org/10.1039/c003858j
70	Kim J, Lee C W, Choi W (2010). Platinized WO3 as an environmental photocatalyst that generates OH radicals under visible light. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(17): 6849–6854 https://doi.org/10.1021/es101981r pmid: 20698551
71	Kim J, Monllor-Satoca D, Choi W (2012b). Simultaneous production of hydrogen with the degradation of organic pollutants using TiO2 photocatalyst modified with dual surface components. Energy & Environmental Science, 5(6): 7647–7656 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee21310a
72	Kim S B, Hong S C (2002). Kinetic study for photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds in air using thin film TiO2 photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 35(4): 305–315 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00274-0
73	Konaka R, Kasahara E, Dunlap W C, Yamamoto Y, Chien K C, Inoue M (2001). Ultraviolet irradiation of titanium dioxide in aqueous dispersion generates singlet oxygen. Redox Report, 6(5): 319–325 https://doi.org/10.1179/135100001101536463 pmid: 11778850
74	Kudo A, Miseki Y (2009). Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chemical Society Reviews, 38(1): 253–278 https://doi.org/10.1039/B800489G pmid: 19088977
75	Kumar S G, Rao K (2017). Comparison of modification strategies towards enhanced charge carrier separation and photocatalytic degradation activity of metal oxide semiconductors (TiO2, WO3 and ZnO). Applied Surface Science, 391: 124–148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.081
76	Lachheb H, Puzenat E, Houas A, Ksibi M, Elaloui E, Guillard C, Herrmann J M (2002). Photocatalytic degradation of various types of dyes (Alizarin S, Crocein Orange G, Methyl Red, Congo Red, Methylene Blue) in water by UV-irradiated titania. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 39(1): 75–90 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00078-4
77	Lai C, Wang M M, Zeng G M, Liu Y G, Huang D L, Zhang C, Wang R Z, Xu P, Cheng M, Huang C, Wu H P, Qin L (2016). Synthesis of surface molecular imprinted TiO2/graphene photocatalyst and its highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of target pollutant under visible light irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 390: 368–376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.119
78	Lambright S, Butaeva E, Razgoniaeva N, Hopkins T, Smith B, Perera D, Corbin J, Khon E, Thomas R, Moroz P, Mereshchenko A, Tarnovsky A, Zamkov M (2014). Enhanced lifetime of excitons in nonepitaxial Au/CdS core/shell nanocrystals. ACS Nano, 8(1): 352–361 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn404264w pmid: 24325605
79	Li C M, Xu Y, Tu W G, Chen G, Xu R (2017a). Metal-free photocatalysts for various applications in energy conversion and environmental purification. Green Chemistry, 19(4): 882–899 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02856J
80	Li D, Shi W D (2016). Recent developments in visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(6): 792–799 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61054-3
81	Li F T, Liu S J, Xue Y B, Wang X J, Hao Y J, Zhao J, Liu R H, Zhao D (2015a). Structure modification function of g-C3N4 for Al2O3 in the in situ hydrothermal process for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 21(28): 10149–10159 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201500224 pmid: 26043440
82	Li F T, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wang X J, Hao Y J, Liu R H, Zhao D (2015b). Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of active Al2O3/ g-C3N4 heterojunctions synthesized via surface hydroxyl modification. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 283: 371–381 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.09.035 pmid: 25306536
83	Li H, Zhang T X, Pan C, Pu C C, Hu Y, Hu X Y, Liu E Z, Fan J (2017b). Self-assembled Bi2MoO6/TiO2 nanofiber heterojunction film with enhanced photocatalytic activities. Applied Surface Science, 391: 303–310 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.167
84	Li J, Zhang M, Li Q Y, Yang J J (2017c). Enhanced visible light activity on direct contact Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalyst. Applied Surface Science, 391: 184–193 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.145
85	Li J D, Fang W, Yu C L, Zhou W Q, Zhu L H, Xie Y (2015c). Ag-based semiconductor photocatalysts in environmental purification. Applied Surface Science, 358: 46–56 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.139
86	Li Q, Li X, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A, Yu J (2015d). CdS/Graphene nanocomposite photocatalysts. Advanced Energy Materials, 5(14): 1500010 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500010
87	Li S, Meng D D, Hou L B, Wang D J, Xie T F (2016a). The surface engineering of CdS nanocrystal for photocatalytic reaction: A strategy of modulating the trapping states and radicals generation towards RhB degradation. Applied Surface Science, 371: 164–171 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.217
88	Li S F, Wang X, He Q Q, Chen Q, Xu Y L, Yang H B, Lu M M, Wei F Y, Liu X T (2016b). Synergistic effects in N-K2Ti4O9/UiO-66–NH2 composites and their photocatalysis degradation of cationic dyes. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(3): 367–377 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61033-6
89	Li X, Shen R C, Ma S, Chen X B, Xie J (2018). Graphene-based heterojunction photocatalysts. Applied Surface Science, 430: 53–107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.194
90	Li X, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2016c). Hierarchical photocatalysts. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(9): 2603–2636 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00838G pmid: 26963902
91	Li X, Yu J, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A, Xie J (2016d). Graphene in Photocatalysis: A Review. Small, 12(48): 6640–6696 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600382 pmid: 27805773
92	Li X, Zhang P, Jin L, Shao T, Li Z, Cao J (2012). Efficient photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by indium oxide and its mechanism. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(10): 5528–5534 https://doi.org/10.1021/es204279u pmid: 22489882
93	Li Y H, Lv K L, Ho W K, Zhao Z W, Huang Y (2017d). Enhanced visible-light photo-oxidation of nitric oxide using bismuth-coupled graphitic carbon nitride composite heterostructures. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 321–329 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62573-1
94	Liang L, Li K, Lv K, Ho W, Duan Y (2017). Highly photoreactive TiO2 hollow microspheres with super thermal stability for acetone oxidation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2085–2093 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62952-8
95	Lin W H, Chiu Y H, Shao P W, Hsu Y J (2016). Metal-Particle-Decorated ZnO nanocrystals: Photocatalysis and charge dynamics. Acs Appl. Mater. Inter., 8(48): 32754–32763 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08132 pmid: 27934128
96	Lin Y F, Hsu Y J (2013). Interfacial charge carrier dynamics of type-II semiconductor nanoheterostructures. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 130: 93–98 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.10.024
97	Liu C, Raziq F, Li Z J, Qu Y, Zada A, Jing L Q (2017a). Synthesis of TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites with phosphate-oxygen functional bridges for improved photocatalytic activity. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(6): 1072–1078 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62850-X
98	Liu S, Liu C, Wang W, Cheng B, Yu J (2012). Unique photocatalytic oxidation reactivity and selectivity of TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. Nanoscale, 4(10): 3193–3200 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr30427a pmid: 22481610
99	Liu S, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2010). Tunable photocatalytic selectivity of hollow TiO2 microspheres composed of anatase polyhedra with exposed 001 facets. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(34): 11914–11916 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja105283s pmid: 20687566
100	Liu W W, Qiao L L, Zhu A Q, Liu Y, Pan J (2017b). Constructing 2D BiOCl/C3N4 layered composite with large contact surface for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation. Applied Surface Science, 426: 897–905 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.225
101	Liu Y, Yu S, Zhao Z Y, Dong F, Dong X A, Zhou Y (2017c). N-Doped Bi2O2CO3/Graphene quantum dot composite photocatalyst: Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic NO oxidation and in situ DRIFTS studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 121(22): 12168–12177 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b02285
102	Liu Y, Zhu J, Liu X, Li H (2016). A convenient approach of MIP/Co-TiO2 nanocomposites with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity and selectivity under visible light irradiation. Rsc. Adv., 6(73): 69326–69333 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10727C
103	Liu Y Y, Liu X M, Zhao Y P, Dionysiou D D (2017d). Aligned alpha-FeOOH nanorods anchored on a graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes aerogel can serve as an effective Fenton-like oxidation catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 213: 74–86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.05.019
104	Liu Y Z, Ding S S, Xu J, Zhang H Y, Yang S G, Duan X G, Sun H Q, Wang S B (2017e). Preparation of a p-n heterojunction BiFeO3@TiO2 photocatalyst with a core-shell structure for visible-light photocatalytic degradation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(6): 1052–1062 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62845-6
105	Low J, Jiang C, Cheng B, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A, Yu J (2017a). A review of direct Z-scheme photocatalysts. Small Methods, 1(5): 1700080 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700080
106	Low J, Yu J, Jaroniec M, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A (2017b). Heterojunction photocatalysts. Advanced Materials, 29(20): 1601694 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601694 pmid: 28220969
107	Lu D Z, Yang M C, Fang P F, Li C H, Jiang L L (2017). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of aqueous phenol and Cr(VI) over visible-light-driven TbxOy loaded TiO2-oriented nanosheets. Applied Surface Science, 399: 167–184 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.077
108	Lu D Z, Zhao B, Fang P F, Zhai S B, Li D L, Chen Z Q, Wu W H, Chai W Q, Wu Y C, Qi N (2015). Facile one-pot fabrication and high photocatalytic performance of vanadium doped TiO2-based nanosheets for visible-light-driven degradation of RhB or Cr(VI). Applied Surface Science, 359: 435–448 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.138
109	Lu W Y, Xu T F, Wang Y, Hu H G, Li N, Jiang X M, Chen W X (2016a). Synergistic photocatalytic properties and mechanism of g-C3N4 coupled with zinc phthalocyanine catalyst under visible light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 180: 20–28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.06.009
110	Lu Y Y, Liu G, Zhang J, Feng Z C, Li C, Li Z (2016b). Fabrication of a monoclinic/hexagonal junction in WO3 and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(3): 349–358 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61023-3
111	Lu Z, Zhu Z, Wang D, Ma Z, Shi W, Yan Y, Zhao X, Dong H, Yang L, Hua Z (2016c). Specific oriented recognition of a new stable ICTX@Mfa with retrievability for selective photocatalytic degrading of ciprofloxacin. Catalysis Science & Technology, 6(5): 1367–1377 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01324K
112	Lv K L, Guo X J, Wu X F, Li Q, Ho W K, Li M, Ye H P, Du D Y (2016). Photocatalytic selective oxidation of phenol to produce dihydroxybenzenes in a TiO2/UV system: Hydroxyl radical versus hole. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 199: 405–411 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.06.049
113	Ma L N, Wang G H, Jiang C J, Bao H L, Xu Q C (2018). Synthesis of core-shell TiO2@ g-C3N4 hollow microspheres for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B under visible light. Applied Surface Science, 430: 263–272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.282
114	Mahmoudkhani F, Rezaei M, Asili V, Atyabi M, Vaisman E, Langford C H, De Visscher A (2016). Benzene degradation in waste gas by photolysis and photolysis-ozonation: Experiments and modeling. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(6): 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-016-0876-4
115	Mamaghani A H, Haghighat F, Lee C S (2017). Photocatalytic oxidation technology for indoor environment air purification: The state-of-the-art. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 203: 247–269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.037
116	Meng W W, Hu R S, Yang J, Du Y F, Li J J, Wang H Y (2016). Influence of lanthanum-doping on photocatalytic properties of BiFeO3 for phenol degradation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(8): 1283–1292 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62449-X
117	Momeni M, Saghafian H, Golestani-Fard F, Barati N, Khanahmadi A (2017). Effect of SiO2 addition on photocatalytic activity, water contact angle and mechanical stability of visible light activated TiO2 thin films applied on stainless steel by a sol gel method. Applied Surface Science, 392: 80–87 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.165
118	Nadrah P, Gaberscek M, Skapin A S (2017). Selective degradation of model pollutants in the presence of core@shell TiO2@SiO2 photocatalyst. Applied Surface Science, 405: 389–394 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.058
119	Nikokavoura A, Trapalis C (2018). Graphene and g-C3N4 based photocatalysts for NOx removal: A review. Applied Surface Science, 430: 18–52 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.192
120	Nosaka Y, Daimon T, Nosaka A Y, Murakami Y (2004). Singlet oxygen formation in photocatalytic TiO2 aqueous suspension. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6(11): 2917–2918 https://doi.org/10.1039/b405084c
121	Ooi Y K, Yuliati L, Lee S L (2016). Phenol photocatalytic degradation over mesoporous TUD-1-supported chromium oxide-doped titania photocatalyst. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(11): 1871–1881 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62492-0
122	Osterloh F E (2017). Photocatalysis versus photosynthesis: A sensitivity analysis of devices for solar energy conversion and chemical transformations. Acs Energy Letters, 2(2): 445–453 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00665
123	Ou M Y, Dong F, Zhang W, Wu Z B (2014). Efficient visible light photocatalytic oxidation of NO in air with band-gap tailored (BiO)2CO3-BiOI solid solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 255: 650–658 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.06.086
124	Pan C S, Zhu Y F (2015). A review of BiPO4, a highly efficient oxyacid-type photocatalyst, used for environmental applications. Catalysis Science & Technology, 5(6): 3071–3083 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CY00202H
125	Papailias I, Todorova N, Giannakopoulou T, Yu J, Dimotikali D, Trapalis C (2017). Photocatalytic activity of modified g-C3N4/TiO2 nanocomposites for NOx removal. Catalysis Today, 280: 37–44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.032
126	Park H, Kim H I, Moon G H, Choi W (2016). Photoinduced charge transfer processes in solar photocatalysis based on modified TiO2. Energy & Environmental Science, 9(2): 411–433 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02575C
127	Park H, Park Y, Kim W, Choi W (2013). Surface modification of TiO2 photocatalyst for environmental applications. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry, 15: 1–20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2012.10.001
128	Park J, Feng D, Yuan S, Zhou H C (2015). Photochromic metal-organic frameworks: reversible control of singlet oxygen generation. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 54(2): 430–435 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201408862 pmid: 25476702
129	Phanichphant S, Nakaruk A, Channei D (2016). Photocatalytic activity of the binary composite CeO2/SiO2 for degradation of dye. Applied Surface Science, 387: 214–220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.072
130	Pirard S L, Malengreaux C M, Toye D, Heinrichs B (2014). How to correctly determine the kinetics of a photocatalytic degradation reaction? Chemical Engineering Journal, 249: 1–5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.088
131	Pu Y C, Chou H Y, Kuo W S, Wei K H, Hsu Y J (2017). Interfacial charge carrier dynamics of cuprous oxide-reduced graphene oxide (Cu2O-rGO) nanoheterostructures and their related visible-light-driven photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 204: 21–32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.11.012
132	Pu Y C, Lin W H, Hsu Y J (2015). Modulation of charge carrier dynamics of NaxH2-xTi3O7-Au-Cu2O Z-scheme nanoheterostructures through size effect. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 163: 343–351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.009
133	Qi K, Cheng B, Yu J, Ho W (2017a). A review on TiO2-based Z-scheme photocatalysts. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 1936–1955 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62962-0
134	Qi K Z, Cheng B, Yu J G, Ho W K (2017b). Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 727: 792–820 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.142
135	Qian X F, Yue D T, Tian Z Y, Reng M, Zhu Y, Kan M, Zhang T Y, Zhao Y X (2016). Carbon quantum dots decorated Bi2WO6 nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic oxidation activity for VOCs. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 193: 16–21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.04.009
136	Quinones D H, Rey A, Alvarez P M, Beltran F J, Puma G L (2015). Boron doped TiO2 catalysts for photocatalytic ozonation of aqueous mixtures of common pesticides: Diuron, o-phenylphenol, MCPA and terbuthylazine. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 178: 74–81 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.036
137	Raja P, Bozzi A, Mansilla H, Kiwi J (2005). Evidence for superoxide-radical anion, singlet oxygen and OH-radical intervention during the degradation of the lignin model compound (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylmethylcarbinol). J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 169(3): 271–278 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.07.009
138	Rengifo-Herrera J A, Pierzchala K, Sienkiewicz A, Forro L, Kiwi J, Pulgarin C (2009). Abatement of organics and Escherichia coli by N, S co-doped TiO2 under UV and visible light. Implications of the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) under visible light. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 88(3–4): 398–406 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.10.025
139	Robotti M, Dosta S, Fernandez-Rodriguez C, Hernandez-Rodriguez M J, Cano I G, Melian E P, Guilemany J M (2016). Photocatalytic abatement of NOx by C-TiO2/polymer composite coatings obtained by low pressure cold gas spraying. Applied Surface Science, 362: 274–280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.207
140	Rodriguez E M, Marquez G, Tena M, Alvarez P M, Beltran F J (2015). Determination of main species involved in the first steps of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of organics with the use of scavengers: The case of ofloxacin. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 178: 44–53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.002
141	Rounds S A, Pankow J F (1990). Application of a radial diffusion model to describe gas/particle sorption kinetics. Environmental Science & Technology, 24(9): 1378–1386 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00079a012
142	Rounds S A, Tiffany B A, Pankow J F (1993). Description of gas/particle sorption kinetics with an intraparticle diffusion model: desorption experiments. Environmental Science & Technology, 27(2): 366–377 https://doi.org/10.1021/es00039a018
143	Sajan C P, Wageh S, Al-Ghamdi A A, Yu J G, Cao S W (2016). TiO2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets for photocatalytic applications. Nano Research, 9(1): 3–27 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0919-3
144	Shan S A, Zhang Y T, Zhang Y N, Hui L J, Shi W, Zhang Y M, Rittmann B E (2017). Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 11(6): 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0953-3
145	Shen X, Zhu L, Liu G, Yu H, Tang H (2008). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation and selective removal of nitrophenols by using surface molecular imprinted titania. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(5): 1687–1692 https://doi.org/10.1021/es071788p pmid: 18441821
146	Shi W L, Guo F, Wang H B, Han M M, Li H, Yuan S L, Huang H, Liu Y, Kang Z H (2017). Carbon dots decorated the exposing high-reactive (111) facets CoO octahedrons with enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability for tetracycline degradation under visible light irradiation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 219: 36–44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.019
147	Shinohara H, Tsaryova O, Schnurpfeil G, Wohrle D (2006). Differently substituted phthalocyanines: Comparison of calculated energy levels, singlet oxygen quantum yields, photo-oxidative stabilities, photocatalytic and catalytic activities. J. Photoch. Photobio. A, 184(1–2): 50–57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.03.024
148	Silva E F F, Serpa C, Dabrowski J M, Monteiro C J P, Formosinho S J, Stochel G, Urbanska K, Simões S, Pereira M M, Arnaut L G (2010a). Mechanisms of singlet-oxygen and superoxide-ion generation by porphyrins and bacteriochlorins and their implications in photodynamic therapy. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 16(30): 9273–9286 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201000111 pmid: 20572171
149	Silva M, Azenha M E, Pereira M M, Burrows H D, Sarakha M, Forano C, Ribeiro M F, Fernandes A (2010b). Immobilization of halogenated porphyrins and their copper complexes in MCM-41: Environmentally friendly photocatalysts for the degradation of pesticides. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100(1–2): 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.07.033
150	Sinirtas E, Isleyen M, Soylu G S P (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with V2O5-TiO2 catalysts: Effect of catalyst support and surfactant additives. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(4): 607–615 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)61035-X
151	Sofianou M V, Psycharis V, Boukos N, Vaimakis T, Yu J, Dillert R, Bahnemann D, Trapalis C (2013). Tuning the photocatalytic selectivity of TiO2 anatase nanoplates by altering the exposed crystal facets content. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 142: 761–768 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.06.009
152	Sofianou M V, Tassi M, Boukos N, Thanos S, Vaimakis T, Yu J, Trapalis C (2014). Solvothermal synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Mg2+-doped anatase nanocrystals with exposed {001} facets. Catalysis Today, 230: 125–130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.11.022
153	Sofianou M V, Tassi M, Psycharis V, Boukos N, Thanos S, Vaimakis T, Yu J G, Trapalis C (2015). Solvothermal synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Mn4+-doped anatase nanoplates with exposed {001} facets. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 162: 27–33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.05.049
154	Song S Q, Cheng B, Wu N S, Meng A Y, Cao S W, Yu J G (2016). Structure effect of graphene on the photocatalytic performance of plasmonic Ag/Ag2CO3-rGO for photocatalytic elimination of pollutants. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 181: 71–78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.07.034
155	Sun Y J, Xiao X, Dong X A, Dong F, Zhang W (2017). Heterostructured BiOI@La(OH)3 nanorods with enhanced visible light photocatalytic NO removal. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 217–226 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62753-0
156	Sun Y, Zhao Z, Dong F, Zhang W (2015). Mechanism of visible light photocatalytic NOx oxidation with plasmonic Bi cocatalyst-enhanced (BiO)2CO3 hierarchical microspheres. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17(16): 10383–10390 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP06045H pmid: 25765222
157	Tachikawa T, Majima T (2010). Single-molecule, single-particle fluorescence imaging of TiO2-based photocatalytic reactions. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(12): 4802–4819 https://doi.org/10.1039/b919698f pmid: 20824247
158	Tang H, Fu Y H, Chang S F, Xie S Y, Tang G G (2017a). Construction of Ag3PO4/Ag2MoO4 Z-scheme heterogeneous photocatalyst for the remediation of organic pollutants. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 337–347 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62570-6
159	Tang L, Wang J J, Jia C T, Lv G X, Xu G, Li W T, Wang L, Zhang J Y, Wu M H (2017b). Simulated solar driven catalytic degradation of psychiatric drug carbamazepine with binary BiVO4 heterostructures sensitized by graphene quantum dots. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 205: 587–596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.067
160	Thirugnanam N, Song H, Wu Y (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of Brilliant Green dye using CdSe quantum dots hybridized with graphene oxide under sunlight irradiation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2150–2159 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62964-4
161	Tian J, Liu R, Liu Z, Yu C, Liu M (2017). Boosting the photocatalytic performance of Ag2CO3 crystals in phenol degradation via coupling with trace N-CQDs. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 1999–2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62926-7
162	Todorova N, Giannakopoulou T, Pomoni K, Yu J, Vaimakis T, Trapalis C (2015). Photocatalytic NOx oxidation over modified ZnO/TiO2 thin films. Catalysis Today, 252: 41–46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.11.008
163	Trapalis A, Todorova N, Giannakopoulou T, Boukos N, Speliotis T, Dimotikali D, Yu J G (2016). TiO2/graphene composite photocatalysts for NOx removal: A comparison of surfactant-stabilized graphene and reduced graphene oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 180: 637–647 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.07.009
164	Van C N, Chang W S, Chen J W, Tsai K A, Tzeng W Y, Lin Y C, Kuo H H, Liu H J, Chang K D, Chou W C, Wu C L, Chen Y C, Luo C W, Hsu Y J, Chu Y H (2015). Heteroepitaxial approach to explore charge dynamics across Au/BiVO4 interface for photoactivity enhancement. Nano Energy, 15: 625–633 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.05.024
165	Vazquez A, Hernandez-Uresti D B, Obregon S (2016). Electrophoretic deposition of CdS coatings and their photocatalytic activities in the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic. Applied Surface Science, 386: 412–417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.034
166	Villen L, Manjon F, Garcia-Fresnadillo D, Orellana G (2006). Solar water disinfection by photocatalytic singlet oxygen production in heterogeneous medium. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 69(1–2): 1–9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.05.015
167	Vinodgopal K, Bedja I, Kamat P V (1996). Nanostructured semiconductor films for photocatalysis: Photoelectrochemical behavior of SnO2/TiO2 composite systems and its role in photocatalytic degradation of a textile Azo dye. Chemistry of Materials, 8(8): 2180–2187 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm950425y
168	Wang C C, Li J R, Lv X L, Zhang Y Q, Guo G S (2014a). Photocatalytic organic pollutants degradation in metal-organic frameworks. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(9): 2831–2867 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01299B
169	Wang F X, Yi X H, Wang C C, Deng J G (2017a). Photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and organic-pollutant degradation in a stable 2D coordination polymer. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2141–2149 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62947-4
170	Wang H L, Qi H P, Wei X N, Liu X Y, Jiang W F (2016a). Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 supported SiO2-Al2O3 aerogels prepared from industrial fly ash. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 37(11): 2025–2033 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62546-9
171	Wang H, Zhang L, Chen Z, Hu J, Li S, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang X (2014b). Semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts: design, construction, and photocatalytic performances. Chemical Society Reviews, 43(15): 5234–5244 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00126E pmid: 24841176
172	Wang S Y, Yang X L, Zhang X H, Ding X, Yang Z X, Dai K, Chen H (2017b). A plate-on-plate sandwiched Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst: BiOBr-Bi2MoO6 with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Applied Surface Science, 391: 194–201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.070
173	Wang W C, Li F, Zhang D Q, Leung D Y C, Li G S (2016b). Photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen generation and simultaneous degradation of organic pollutant via CdSe/TiO2 nanotube arrays. Applied Surface Science, 362: 490–497 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.228
174	Wang X J, Liu C, Li X L, Li F T, Li Y P, Zhao J, Liu R H (2017c). Construction of g-C3N4/Al2O3 hybrids via in-situ acidification and exfoliation with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 394: 340–350 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.081
175	Wang X N, Bi W L, Zhai P P, Wang X B, Li H J, Mailhot G, Dong W B (2016c). Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals by BiOClxIy nanospheres in aqueous solution. Applied Surface Science, 360: 240–251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.229
176	Wang X X, Ni Q, Zeng D W, Liao G L, Wen Y W, Shan B, Xie C S (2017d). BiOCl/TiO2 heterojunction network with high energy facet exposed for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of benzene. Applied Surface Science, 396: 590–598 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.201
177	Wang X X, Ni Q, Zeng D W, Liao G L, Xie C S (2016d). Charge separation in branched TiO2 nanorod array homojunction aroused by quantum effect for enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of gaseous benzene. Applied Surface Science, 389: 165–172 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.090
178	Wang Y, Bai X, Pan C, He J, Zhu Y (2012). Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 hybridized with graphite-like C3N4. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 22(23): 11568–11573 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16873a
179	Wang Y, Lin J, Zong R, He J, Zhu Y (2011a). Enhanced photoelectric catalytic degradation of methylene blue via TiO2 nanotube arrays hybridized with graphite-like carbon. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 349(1–2): 13–19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.08.020
180	Wang Y, Lu Z, Zhu Z, Zhao X, Gao N, Wang D, Hua Z, Yan Y, Huo P, Song M (2016e). Enhanced selective photocatalytic properties of a novel magnetic retrievable imprinted ZnFe2O4/PPy composite with specific recognition ability. Rsc. Adv., 6(57): 51877–51887 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA07132E
181	Wang Y, Shi R, Lin J, Zhu Y (2011b). Enhancement of photocurrent and photocatalytic activity of ZnO hybridized with graphite-like C3N4. Energy & Environmental Science, 4(8): 2922–2929 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00825g
182	Wang Y, Xu J, Zong W, Zhu Y (2011c). Enhancement of photoelectric catalytic activity of TiO2 film via Polyaniline hybridization. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 184(6): 1433–1438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2011.04.001
183	Wang Y, Zheng Y Z, Lu S, Tao X, Che Y, Chen J F (2015). Visible-light-responsive TiO2-coated ZnO: I nanorod array films with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance. Acs Appl. Mater. Inter., 7(11): 6093–6101 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b00980 pmid: 25742121
184	Wang Y J, Shi R, Lin J, Zhu Y F (2010). Significant photocatalytic enhancement in methylene blue degradation of TiO2 photocatalysts via graphene-like carbon in situ hybridization. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100(1–2): 179–183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.07.028
185	Wang Z, Hu T, Dai K, Zhang J, Liang C (2017e). Construction of Z-scheme Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6 composite with excellent visible-light photodegradation activity for removal of organic contaminants. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2021–2029 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62942-5
186	Wen J Q, Li X, Liu W, Fang Y P, Xie J, Xu Y H (2015). Photocatalysis fundamentals and surface modification of TiO2 nanomaterials. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 36(12): 2049–2070 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(15)60999-8
187	Wen J Q, Xie J, Chen X B, Li X (2017). A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Applied Surface Science, 391: 72–123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.030
188	Wu C H, Fang Y F, Tirusew A H, Xiang M M, Huang Y P, Chen C C (2017a). Photochemical. oxidation mechanism of microcystin-RR by p-n heterojunction Ag/Ag2O-BiVO4. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 192–198 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62583-4
189	Wu F C, Tseng R L, Juang R S (2009). Initial behavior of intraparticle diffusion model used in the description of adsorption kinetics. Chemical Engineering Journal, 153(1): 1–8
190	Wu F J, Li X, Liu W, Zhang S T (2017b). Highly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue over the indirect all-solid-state Z-scheme g-C3N4-RGO-TiO2 nanoheterojunctions. Applied Surface Science, 405: 60–70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.01.285
191	Wu F J, Liu W, Qiu J L, Li J Z, Zhou W Y, Fang Y P, Zhang S T, Li X (2015). Enhanced photocatalytic degradation and adsorption of methylene blue via TiO2 nanocrystals supported on graphene-like bamboo charcoal. Applied Surface Science, 358: 425–435 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.161
192	Xia P, Zhu B, Cheng B, Yu J, Xu J (2018). 2D/2D g-C3N4/MnO2 nanocomposite as a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic activity. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(1): 965–973 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03289
193	Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2011). Tunable photocatalytic selectivity of TiO2 films consisted of flower-like microspheres with exposed 001 facets. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 47(15): 4532–4534 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc10501a pmid: 21387061
194	Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2012). Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(2): 782–796 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15172J pmid: 21853184
195	Xiao X, Tu S H, Lu M L, Zhong H, Zheng C X, Zuo X X, Nan J M (2016). Discussion on the reaction mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants from a viewpoint of semiconductor photo-induced electrocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 198: 124–132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.042
196	Xu D F, Cheng B, Cao S W, Yu J G (2015a). Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of Z-scheme Ag2CrO4-GO composite photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 164: 380–388 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.051
197	Xu D F, Cheng B, Zhang J F, Wang W K, Yu J G, Ho W K (2015b). Photocatalytic activity of Ag2MO4 (M= Cr, Mo, W) photocatalysts. Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Materials for Energy and Sustainability, 3(40): 20153–20166 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA05248C
198	Xu S, Lu H, Chen L, Wang X (2014). Molecularly imprinted TiO2 hybridized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for selective photocatalytic degradation and removal of estrone. Rsc. Adv., 4(85): 45266–45274 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06632D
199	Yan Z X, Xu Z H, Yu J G, Jaroniec M (2016). Enhanced formaldehyde oxidation on CeO2/AlOOH-supported Pt catalyst at room temperature. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 199: 458–465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.06.052
200	Yang C, Cheng J H, Chen Y C, Hu Y Y (2017a). CdS nanoparticles immobilized on porous carbon polyhedrons derived from a metal-organic framework with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity for antibiotic degradation. Applied Surface Science, 420: 252–259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.05.102
201	Yang T T, Chen W T, Hsu Y J, Wei K H, Lin T Y, Lin T W (2010). Interfacial charge carrier dynamics in core-shell Au-CdS nanocrystals. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114(26): 11414–11420 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp103294c
202	Yang X L, Wang Y, Xu X, Qu Y, Ding X, Chen H (2017b). Surface plasmon resonance-induced visible-light photocatalytic performance of silver/silver molybdate composites. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 260–269 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62553-6
203	Yu C L, Li G, Kumar S, Kawasaki H, Jin R C (2013a). Stable Au25(SR)18/TiO2 composite nanostructure with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4(17): 2847–2852 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz401447w
204	Yu J, Wang S, Low J, Xiao W (2013b). Enhanced photocatalytic performance of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4-TiO2 photocatalysts for the decomposition of formaldehyde in air. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15(39): 16883–16890 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp53131g pmid: 23999576
205	Yu J G, Xiong J F, Cheng B, Yu Y, Wang J B (2005a). Hydrothermal preparation and visible-light photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 powders. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 178(6): 1968–1972 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2005.04.003
206	Yu J G, Zhou M H, Cheng B, Yu H G, Zhao X J (2005b). Ultrasonic preparation of mesoporous titanium dioxide nanocrystalline photocatalysts and evaluation of photocatalytic activity. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 227(1–2): 75–80 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.10.012
207	Yu S X, Zhang Y H, Li M, Du X, Huang H W (2017). Non-noble metal Bi deposition by utilizing Bi2WO6 as the self-sacrificing template for enhancing visible light photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 391: 491–498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.028
208	Yuan B, Zhang B, Wang Z L, Lu S M, Li J, Liu Y, Li C (2017). Photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of toluene and its derivatives to aldehydes on Pd/Bi2WO6. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(3): 440–446 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62757-8
209	Yuan R F, Zhou B H, Hua D, Shi C H (2015). Effect of metal ion-doping on characteristics and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes for removal of humic acid from water. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 9(5): 850–860 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0737-y
210	Zeng M, Li Y Z, Mao M Y, Bai J L, Ren L, Zhao X J (2015). Synergetic effect between photocatalysis on TiO2 and thermocatalysis on CeO2 for gas-phase oxidation of benzene on TiO2/CeO2 Nanocomposites. ACS Catalysis, 5(6): 3278–3286 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b00292
211	Zeng Z X, Li K X, Wei K, Dai Y H, Yan L S, Guo H Q, Luo X B (2017). Fabrication of highly dispersed platinum-deposited porous g-C3N4 by a simple in situ photoreduction strategy and their excellent visible light photocatalytic activity toward aqueous 4-fluorophenol degradation. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(1): 29–38 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62589-5
212	Zhang B, Wang S, Fan W, Ma W, Liang Z, Shi J, Liao S, Li C (2016a). Photoassisted oxygen reduction reaction in H2-O2 fuel cells. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(47): 14748–14751 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201607118 pmid: 27762040
213	Zhang G W, Miao H, Hu X Y, Mu J L, Liu X X, Han T X, Fan J, Liu E Z, Yin Y C, Wan J (2017a). A facile strategy to fabricate Au/TiO2 nanotubes photoelectrode with excellent photoelectrocatalytic properties. Applied Surface Science, 391: 345–352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.03.042
214	Zhang G Z, Zhang S Q, Wang L L, Liu R, Zeng Y X, Xia X N, Liu Y T, Luo S L (2017b). Facile synthesis of bird’s nest-like TiO2 microstructure with exposed (001) facets for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Applied Surface Science, 391: 228–235 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.095
215	Zhang H, Chen G, Bahnemann D W (2009a). Photoelectrocatalytic materials for environmental applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19(29): 5089–5121 https://doi.org/10.1039/b821991e
216	Zhang H, Zhu Y (2010). Significant visible photoactivity and antiphotocorrosion performance of CdS photocatalysts after monolayer polyaniline hybridization. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114(13): 5822–5826 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp910930t
217	Zhang H, Zong R, Zhu Y (2009b). Photocorrosion inhibition and photoactivity enhancement for zinc oxide via hybridization with monolayer polyaniline. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(11): 4605–4611 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp810748u
218	Zhang J, Mao X, Xiao W, Zhuang Y (2017c). Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethazine by graphitic carbon nitride-modified zinc molybdate: Effects of synthesis method on performance, degradation kinetics, and mechanism. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2009–2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62935-8
219	Zhang L L, Xiong Z, Zhao X S (2010). Pillaring chemically exfoliated graphene oxide with carbon nanotubes for photocatalytic degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation. ACS Nano, 4(11): 7030–7036 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn102308r pmid: 21028785
220	Zhang L W, Fu H B, Zhu Y F (2008). Efficient TiO2 Photocatalysts from surface hybridization of TiO2 particles with graphite-like carbon. Advanced Functional Materials, 18(15): 2180–2189 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200701478
221	Zhang M, Lu J, He Y L, Wilson P C (2016b). Photocatalytic degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water system. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 10(2): 229–235 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0762-x
222	Zhang N, Yang M Q, Liu S, Sun Y, Xu Y J (2015a). Waltzing with the versatile platform of graphene to synthesize composite photocatalysts. Chemical Reviews, 115(18): 10307–10377 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00267 pmid: 26395240
223	Zhang R Y, Wan W C, Li D W, Dong F, Zhou Y (2017d). Three-dimensional MoS2/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a macroscopic visible-light photocatalyst. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 313–320 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62568-8
224	Zhang W, Liu X, Dong X, Dong F, Zhang Y (2017e). Facile synthesis of Bi12O17Br2 and Bi4O5Br2 nanosheets: In situ DRIFTS investigation of photocatalytic NO oxidation conversion pathway. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2030–2038 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62941-3
225	Zhang W D, Zhao Z W, Dong F, Zhang Y X (2017f). Solvent-assisted synthesis of porous g-C3N4 with efficient visible-light photocatalytic performance for NO removal. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(2): 372–378 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(16)62585-8
226	Zhang X D, Wang Y X, Hou F L, Li H X, Yang Y, Zhang X X, Yang Y Q, Wang Y (2017g). Effects of Ag loading on structural and photocatalytic properties of flower-like ZnO microspheres. Applied Surface Science, 391: 476–483 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.109
227	Zhang X D, Yang Y, Li H X, Zou X J, Wang Y X (2016c). Non-TiO2 photocatalysts used for degradation of gaseous VOCs. Huaxue Jinzhan, 28(10): 1550–1559
228	Zhang Y F, Park M, Kim H Y, Ding B, Park S J (2016d). In-situ synthesis of nanofibers with various ratios of BiOClx/BiOBry/BiOIz for effective trichloroethylene photocatalytic degradation. Applied Surface Science, 384: 192–199 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.039
229	Zhang Y K, He Z J, Wang H C, Qi L, Liu G H, Zhang X J (2015b). Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 9(5): 770–783 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0811-0
230	Zhang Y Y, Gu D, Zhu L Y, Wang B H (2017h). Highly ordered Fe3+/TiO2 nanotube arrays for efficient photocataltyic degradation of nitrobenzene. Applied Surface Science, 420: 896–904 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.05.213
231	Zhang Z Y, Huang J D, Zhang M Y, Yuan L, Dong B (2015c). Ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets coupled with g-C3N4 nanosheets as 2D/2D heterojunction photocatalysts toward high photocatalytic activity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 163: 298–305 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.013
232	Zhao B X, Zhang P Y (2009). Photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid with beta-Ga2O3 wide bandgap photocatalyst. Catalysis Communications, 10(8): 1184–1187 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2009.01.017
233	Zhao H X, Chen X Y, Li X T, Shen C, Qu B C, Gao J S, Chen J W, Quan X (2017). Photoinduced formation of reactive oxygen species and electrons from metal oxide-silica nanocomposite: An EPR spin-trapping study. Applied Surface Science, 416: 281–287 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.088
234	Zheng L, Yu X, Long M, Li Q (2017). Humic acid-mediated visible-light degradation of phenol on phosphate-modified and Nafion-modified TiO2 surfaces. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(12): 2076–2084 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62951-6
235	Zhou F, Shi R, Zhu Y (2011). Significant enhancement of the visible photocatalytic degradation performances of gamma-Bi2MoO6 nanoplate by graphene hybridization. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 340(1–2): 77–82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.03.012
236	Zhou P, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2014a). All-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic systems. Advanced Materials, 26(29): 4920–4935 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400288 pmid: 24888530
237	Zhou X, Xu Q, Lei W, Zhang T, Qi X, Liu G, Deng K, Yu J (2014b). Origin of tunable photocatalytic selectivity of well-defined α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals. Small, 10(4): 674–679 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301870 pmid: 24115643
238	Zhu B, Zhang J, Jiang C, Cheng B, Yu J (2017a). First principle investigation of halogen-doped monolayer g-C3N4 photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 207: 27–34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.020
239	Zhu B, Zhang L, Cheng B, Yu J (2018). First-principle calculation study of tri-s-triazine-based g-C3N4: A review. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 224: 983–999 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.11.025
240	Zhu B C, Xia P F, Li Y, Ho W K, Yu J G (2017b). Fabrication and photocatalytic activity enhanced mechanism of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst. Applied Surface Science, 391: 175–183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.07.104
241	Zhu Q Q, Igarashi M, Sasaki M, Miyamoto T, Kodama R, Fukushima M (2016a). Degradation and debromination of bromophenols using a free-base porphyrin and metalloporphyrins as photosensitizers under conditions of visible light irradiation in the absence and presence of humic substances. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 183: 61–68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.10.038
242	Zhu S, Xu T, Fu H, Zhao J, Zhu Y (2007). Synergetic effect of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with C60 and enhanced photoactivity under visible irradiation. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(17): 6234–6239 https://doi.org/10.1021/es070953y pmid: 17937308
243	Zhu X, Yu J, Jiang C, Cheng B (2017c). Catalytic decomposition and mechanism of formaldehyde over Pt-Al2O3 molecular sieves at room temperature. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19(10): 6957–6963 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP08223H pmid: 28239732
244	Zhu X F, Cheng B, Yu J G, Ho W K (2016b). Halogen poisoning effect of Pt-TiO2 for formaldehyde catalytic oxidation performance at room temperature. Applied Surface Science, 364: 808–814 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.12.115
245	Zhu Z, Lu Z, Zhao X, Yan Y, Shi W, Wang D, Yang L, Lin X, Hua Z, Liu Y (2015). Surface imprinting of a g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic activity and selectivity towards photodegradation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Rsc. Adv., 5(51): 40726–40736 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA06209H
246	Zou C Y, Liu S Q, Shen Z M, Zhang Y, Jiang N S, Ji W C (2017a). Efficient removal of ammonia with a novel graphene-supported BiFeO3 as a reusable photocatalyst under visible light. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 38(1): 20–28 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62752-9
247	Zou J P, Wu D D, Luo J, Xing Q J, Luo X B, Dong W H, Luo S L, Du H M, Suib S L (2016). A strategy for one-pot conversion of organic pollutants into useful hydrocarbons through coupling photodegradation of MB with photoreduction of CO2. ACS Catalysis, 6(10): 6861–6867 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01729
248	Zou X J, Dong Y Y, Zhang X D, Cui Y B, Ou X X, Qi X H (2017b). The highly enhanced visible light photocatalytic degradation of gaseous o-dichlorobenzene through fabricating like-flowers BiPO4/BiOBr p-n heterojunction composites. Applied Surface Science, 391: 525–534 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.06.003

[1]	Barsha Roy, Khushboo Kadam, Suresh Palamadai Krishnan, Chandrasekaran Natarajan, Amitava Mukherjee. *Assessing combined toxic effects of tetracycline and P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Allium cepa* bioassay**[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 6-.
[2]	Hanzhong Jia, Yafang Shi, Xiaofeng Nie, Song Zhao, Tiecheng Wang, Virender K. Sharma. Persistent free radicals in humin under redox conditions and their impact in transforming polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(4): 73-.
[3]	Wenchao Jiang, Ping Tang, Zhen Liu, Huan He, Qian Sui, Shuguang Lyu. Enhanced carbon tetrachloride degradation by hydroxylamine in ferrous ion activated calcium peroxide in the presence of formic acid[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 18-.
[4]	Xiaoya Liu, Yu Hong, Peirui Liu, Jingjing Zhan, Ran Yan. Effects of cultivation strategies on the cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in photoreactors[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(5): 78-.
[5]	Virender K. Sharma, Xin Yu, Thomas J. McDonald, Chetan Jinadatha, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Mingbao Feng. Elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV-based treatment of drinking water: A mini review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(3): 37-.
[6]	Min ZHANG,Jian LU,Yiliang HE,P Chris WILSON. Photocatalytic degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pure water system[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(2): 229-235.
[7]	Jiafang XIE,Yuxi HUANG,Hanqing YU. Tuning the catalytic selectivity in electrochemical CO₂ reduction on copper oxide-derived nanomaterials[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 861-866.
[8]	Yuankai ZHANG,Zhijiang HE,Hongchen WANG,Lu QI,Guohua LIU,Xiaojun ZHANG. Applications of hollow nanomaterials in environmental remediation and monitoring: A review[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2015, 9(5): 770-783.
[9]	Ming GE , Changsheng GUO , Xingwang ZHU , Lili MA , Wei HU , Yuqiu WANG , Zhenan HAN , . Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO composites[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2009, 3(3): 271-280.
[10]	ZHAN Manjun, YANG Xi, KONG Lingren, YANG Hongshen. Effect of natural aquatic humic substances on the photodegradation of bisphenol A[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2007, 1(3): 311-315.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed