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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2018, Vol. 12 Issue (6) : 14    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-018-1078-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Microalgae cultivation and culture medium recycling by a two-stage cultivation system
Xinfeng Wang1,2,3, Lu Lin3, Haifeng Lu1(), Zhidan Liu1, Na Duan1, Taili Dong4, Hua Xiao5, Baoming Li1,2(), Pei Xu3
1. Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
2. Beijing Engineering Research Center for Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing 100083, China
3. Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
4. Shandong Minhe Biotechnology Limited Company, Yantai 265600, China
5. School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen's Building, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
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Abstract

A two-stage system was designed for microalgae cultivation and nutrients removal.

Two species of microalgae were cultivated for biomass production.

UF costed less than centrifuge for harvesting microalgae at small scale.

100% NH4+ of the wastewater was removed and met discharge requirement.

Nutrients and water play an important role in microalgae cultivation. Using wastewater as a culture medium is a promising alternative to recycle nutrients and water, and for further developing microalgae-based products. In the present study, two species of microalgae, Chlorella sp. (high ammonia nitrogen tolerance) and Spirulina platensis (S. platensis, high growth rate), were cultured by using poultry wastewater through a two-stage cultivation system for algal biomass production. Ultrafiltration (UF) or centrifuge was used to harvest Chlorella sp. from the first cultivation stage and to recycle culture medium for S. platensis growth in the second cultivation stage. Results showed the two-stage cultivation system produced high microalgae biomass including 0.39 g·L−1 Chlorella sp. and 3.45 g·L−1 S. platensis in the first-stage and second-stage, respectively. In addition, the removal efficiencies of NH4+ reached 19% and almost 100% in the first and the second stage, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) removal reached 17% and 83%, and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 55% and 72% in the first and the second stage, respectively. UF and centrifuge can recycle 96.8% and 100% water, respectively. This study provides a new method for the combined of pure microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment with culture medium recycling.
Keywords Microalgae harvest      Ultrafiltration      Poultry wastewater      Nutrient removal      Two stage cultivation     
Corresponding Author(s): Haifeng Lu,Baoming Li   
Issue Date: 06 September 2018
 Cite this article:   
Xinfeng Wang,Lu Lin,Haifeng Lu, et al. Microalgae cultivation and culture medium recycling by a two-stage cultivation system[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(6): 14.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-018-1078-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2018/V12/I6/14
Parameters Concentration (mg·L−1)
TP (total phosphorus) 179±3
TN (total nitrogen) 3131±319
NH4+ (ammonia nitrogen) 2990±114
TOC (total organic carbon) 1563±18
IC (inorganic carbon) 3039±20
COD (chemical oxygen demand) 4058±125
Tab.1  Characteristics of the FW
Fig.1  Two-stage microalgae cultivation system with UF membrane. (a) Schematic diagram of microalgal harvesting system with membrane, 1. flask for Chlorella sp. cultivation, 2.8.9. control valve, 3. pump, 4. flow meter, 5. pressure gauge, 6. UF, 7. microalgae retentate, 10. flask for S. platensis cultivation; (b) process of microalgae harvesting.
Tests Algae species Culture medium Harvest method
C-C1 Chlorella sp. BG11 medium Centrifuge
C-C2 Chlorella sp. Carbon source of BG11 medium Centrifuge
C-M1 Chlorella sp. BG11 medium Membrane
C-M2 Chlorella sp. Carbon source of BG11 medium Membrane
S-C1 S. platensis Zarrouk medium Centrifuge
S-C2 S. platensis Carbon source of Zarrouk medium Centrifuge
S-M1 S. platensis Zarrouk Membrane
S-M2 S. platensis Carbon source of Zarrouk medium Membrane
Tab.2  Summary of experiments using recycled wastewater to cultivate microalgae
Fig.2  Nutrients change of culture medium and DCW change of microalgae in the first stage. The error bars represent the standard deviation.
Fig.3  Microalgae harvesting and water recycled with UF. (a) Efficiency of the harvested algae and recycled water; (b) water quality of FW, algae effluent, and membrane backwash water.
Fig.4  Microalgae cultivation using recycled wastewater. (a) pH of the culture medium for Chlorella sp.; (b) DCW of Chlorella sp.; (c) pH of the culture medium for S. platensis; (d) DCW of S. platensis.
Fig.5  Cultivation of S. platensis using in recycled water with different NH4+ concentrations. (a) pH of the culture medium, (b) the DCW of S. platensis. (c) NH4+ removal efficiency and removal quantity. (d) TP removal efficiency and removal quantity. (e) TN removal efficiency and removal quantity.
Algae species Infrastructure investment Energy consumption Operating condition (pressure, flux or flow rate) Volume
(or Scale)		 Maximum concentration
(or C)		 Reference
UF S. costatum &
H. ostrearia		 $500−3500 3−10 kWh·m−3 40 L·h−1·m−2 4 L (>20) (Rossignol et al., 1999)
UF Chlorella pyrenoidosa n.a. n.a. 130−180 kPa 32 L 7.77 g·L−1 (11.4) (Sun et al., 2013)
UF Mixture algae n.a. n.a. 0.16−13.0 L·min−1 0.1 L (5−40) (Petrusevski et al., 1995)
MF Chlorella sp. n.a. n.a. 40−60 kPa 2 L n.d. (Hung and Liu, 2006)
MF Scenedesmus sp. n.a. 0.70–2.23 kWh·m−3 72.4 L·m−2·h−1 (Pilot-scale) (150) (Gerardo et al., 2013)
MF Nannochloropsis sp. n.a. 0.3−0.7 kWh·m−3 103.4−206.8 kPa (Bench-scale) >150 g·L−1 (Bhave et al., 2012)
Centrifuge n.a. $275000 74 kWh·m−3 113560 L·h−1 8509347841 L (Large-scale) 100 g·L−1 (Richardson et al., 2014)
Centrifuge Chlorella-like wild algae $2506 73 kWh·m−3 2000 r·min−1 (Bench-scale) 800 g·L−1 (Udom et al., 2013)
Continuous centrifuge n.a. n.a. 62000 kWh·m−3 901 L·h−1 3785 L
(Pilot-scale)		 342.9 g·L−1 (Kovalcik, 2013)
UF Chlorella sp. $79 1.6 kWh·m−3 30 L·h−1 4 L (Lab-scale) 1.5 g·L−1 (2) this study
Centrifuge Chlorella sp. $9447 404 kWh·m−3 8000 r·min−1 4 L (Lab-scale) 750 g·L−1 this study
Tab.3  Comparison of harvesting methods using UF, microfiltration (MF), and centrifuge
Stage Microalgae µ (d−1) Daily productivity (g·L−1·d−1) TP removal (%) NH4+ removal (%) TOC removal (%) IC removal (%)
First stage (Section 2.3.1) Chlorella sp. 0.113 0.026 17 19 55 58
Second stage (Section 2.3.4) Chlorella sp. 0.089 0.010–0.011 33–36 4–26 20–46 18–29
Second stage (Section 2.3.4) S. platensis 0 0 2–9 4–39 9–16 7–20
Second stage (Section 2.3.5) S. platensis 0.044–0.132 0.023–0.198 24–83 82–100 7–72 28–48
Tab.4  Evaluation of two-stage microalgae cultivation system performance
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