Relations between indoor and outdoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> and constituent concentrations

doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1089-4

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (1) : 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1089-4

FEATURE ARTICLE

Relations between indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and constituent concentrations

Cong Liu¹, Yinping Zhang^2,³(

)

¹. School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
². Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³. Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China

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Abstract

Factors impacting indoor-outdoor relations are introduced.

Sulfate seems a fine tracer for other non-volatile species.

Particulate nitrate and ammonium desorb during outdoor-to-indoor transport.

OC load increases during the transport due to sorption of indoor SVOCs.

Outdoor PM_2.5 influences both the concentration and composition of indoor PM_2.5. People spend over 80% of their time indoors. Therefore, to assess possible health effects of PM_2.5 it is important to accurately characterize indoor PM_2.5 concentrations and composition. Controlling indoor PM_2.5 concentration is presently more feasible and economic than decreasing outdoor PM_2.5 concentration. This study reviews modeling and measurements that address relationships between indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and the corresponding constituent concentrations. The key factors in the models are indoor-outdoor air exchange rate, particle penetration, and deposition. We compiled studies that report I/O ratios of PM_2.5 and typical constituents (sulfate (SO₄²^-), nitrate (NO₃^-), ammonium (NH₄⁺), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)). From these studies we conclude that: 1) sulfate might be a reasonable tracer of non-volatile species (EC, Fe, Cu, and Mn) and PM_2.5 itself; 2) particulate nitrate and ammonium generally desorb to gaseous HNO₃ and NH₃ when they enter indoors, unless, as seldom happens, they have strong indoor sources; 3) indoor-originating semi-volatile organic compounds sorb on indoor PM_2.5, thereby increasing the PM_2.5 OC load. We suggest further studies on indoor-outdoor relationships of PM_2.5 and constituents so as to help develop standards for healthy buildings.

Keywords Indoor air quality Exposure SVOC Reactive oxidative species Oxidative potential Chemical transport model

Corresponding Author(s): Yinping Zhang

Issue Date: 03 December 2018

Cite this article:

Cong Liu,Yinping Zhang. Relations between indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and constituent concentrations[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(1): 5.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1089-4
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2019/V13/I1/5

Tab.1 Sources of outdoor PM_2.5 and key properties for their indoor fate

Fig.1 Schematic for indoor fate of PM_2.5 and compositions. The gray part of the solid circles represents non-volatile species, the red part represents semi-volatile organic species, and the green part represents semi-volatile inorganic species. The red and green parts of the cloud shapes represent organic and inorganic gas-phase species undergoing gas-particle partitioning, respectively.

Tab.2 Ventilation requirements in GB50736-2012, China (Design code for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning of civil buildings)

Fig.2 Size-resolved penetration factor based on an empirical equation by ^{Shi et al. (2017)}. d_p is particle diameter.

Fig.3 Size-resolved indoor deposition velocity, Calculated using Eq. (8).

References	Building type	Location	Ventilation mode ^a)	Species
^{Saraga et al.} (2017)	Public_office	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Han et al. (2016)}	Residence	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Zhu et al. (2015)}	Public_office	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Zhu et al. (2015)}	Public_office	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Lomboy et al. (2015)}	Public_hospital	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Lomboy et al. (2015)}	Public_hospital	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Zhang et al. (2014)}	Public_lab	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Hassanvand et al. (2014)}	Residence	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Wang et al., (2014)}	Public_school	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Chithra and Nagendra (2013})	Public_school	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, Fe
^{Chen et al. (2013})	Public_lab	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Chen et al. (2013})	Public_lab	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Zhu et al. (2012)}	Residence	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Huang et al. (2012)}	Public_office	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Huang et al. (2012)}	Residence	Asia	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Klinmalee et al. (2009)}	Public_school	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, EC, PM_2.5
^{Klinmalee et al. (2009)}	Public_store	Asia	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, EC, PM_2.5
^{Kulshrestha et al. (2009)}	Residence	Asia	N.A. ^b)	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Loupa et al. (2016)}	Public_hospital	Europe	Mechanical and natural	SO₄²^-, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Perrino et al. (2016)}	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Sajani et al. (2015)}	Public	Europe	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Sajani et al. (2015)}	Residence	Europe	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Tofful and Perrino (2015)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Rivas et al. (2015)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Saraga et al. (2015)}	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Viana et al. (2014)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Buczyńska et al. (2014)}	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NO₃^-
^{Moreno et al. (2014)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Montagne et al. (2014a})	Residence	Europe	N.A. ^b)	Fe, Cu, PM_2.5
^{Montagne et al. (2014b})	Residence	Europe	N.A. ^b)	Fe, Cu, PM_2.5
^{Alves et al. (2013)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Sangiorgi et al. (2013)}	Public_office	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Seleventi et al. (2012)}	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Saraga et al. (2010)}	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NO₃^-, PM_2.5
^{Fromme et al. (2008)}	Public_school	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-
^{Lazaridis et al. (2008})	Residence	Europe	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, OC, EC, PM_2.5
^{Stevens et al. (2014)}	Residence	North America	N.A. ^b)	SO₄²^-, NO₃^-, OC, EC, Fe, Mn, PM_2.5
^{Hasheminassab et al. (2014)}	Residence	North America	Natural	SO₄²^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn
^{Baxter et al. (2007)}	Residence	North America	N.A. ^b)	SO₄²^-, EC, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Hering et al. 2007)}	Residence	North America	Mechanical	SO₄²^-, NO₃^-, EC
^{John et al. (2007)}	Public_school	North America	Natural	SO₄²^-, NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, Fe, PM_2.5
^{Barraza et al. (2014)}	Residence	South America	Natural	SO₄²^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn
^{Ruiz et al. (2010)}	Residence	South America	Natural	SO₄²^-, OC, EC, Fe, Cu, Mn, PM_2.5

Tab.3 Basic information from 37 studies reviewed in this study. This information includes building type, location, ventilation mode if reported, and what species were measured

Fig.4 Measured R_IO of sulfate in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.5 Normalized R_IO of PM_2.5 in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.6 Normalized R_IO of EC in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.7 Normalized R_IO of Fe in (a) residential and (b) public buildings

Fig.8 Normalized R_IO of Cu in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.9 Normalized R_IO of Mn in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.10 Normalized R_IO of NO₃^- in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.11 Normalized R_IO of NH₄⁺ in (a) residential and (b) public buildings.

Fig.12 Normalized R_IO of OC in (a) residential and (b) public buildings. This includes both R_IO less than one but mostly greater than or equal to one, which is quite different from Figs. 5–11.

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