Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways

doi:10.1007/s11783-019-1164-x

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2019, Vol. 13

Issue (5) : 80 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1164-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways

Zuotao Zhang¹, Chongyang Wang^1,², Jianzhong He³, Hui Wang¹(

)

¹. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
². Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
³. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore

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Abstract

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation enriched process was described in detail.

The enriched bacterial communities were characterized under four redox conditions.

The enriched archaeal communities were stated under high percentage conditions.

Relatively intact pathways of anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation were proposed.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread and persistent contaminants worldwide, especially in environments devoid of molecular oxygen. For lack of molecular oxygen, researchers enhanced anaerobic zones PAHs biodegradation by adding sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron. However, microbial community reports of them were limited, and information of metabolites was poor except two-ring PAH, naphthalene. Here, we reported on four phenanthrene-degrading enrichment cultures with sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and iron as electron acceptors from the same initial inoculum. The high-to-low order of the anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation rate was the nitrate-reducing conditions>sulfate-reducing conditions>methanogenic conditions>iron-reducing conditions. The dominant bacteria populations were Desulfobacteraceae, Anaerolinaceae, and Thermodesulfobiaceae under sulfate-reducing conditions; Moraxellaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Comamonadaceae under methanogenic conditions; Rhodobacteraceae, Planococcaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae under nitrate-reducing conditions; and Geobacteraceae, Carnobacteriaceae, and Anaerolinaceae under iron-reducing conditions, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that bacteria populations of longtime enriched cultures with four electron acceptors all obtained significant changes from original inoculum, and bacterial communities were similar under nitrate-reducing and iron-reducing conditions. Archaea accounted for a high percentage under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions, and Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae, as well as Methanobacteriaceae, were the dominant archaea populations under iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions. The key steps of phenanthrene biodegradation under four reducing conditions were carboxylation, further ring system reduction, and ring cleavage.

Keywords Phenanthrene Anaerobic biodegradation Bacterial populations Archaea populations Metabolic pathway

Corresponding Author(s): Hui Wang

Issue Date: 16 October 2019

Cite this article:

Zuotao Zhang,Chongyang Wang,Jianzhong He, et al. Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation with four kinds of electron acceptors enriched from the same mixed inoculum and exploration of metabolic pathways[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2019, 13(5): 80.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1164-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2019/V13/I5/80

Fig.1 Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation under various redox conditions. (a) sulfate-reducing conditions; (b) methanogenic conditions; (c) nitrate-reducing conditions; (d) iron-reducing conditions. Period 1: day 0–3; period 2: day 3–9; period 3: day 12–17; period 4: day 19–32; period 5: day 35–45; period 6: day 50–60; period 7: day 66–75; period 8: day 76–85; period 9: day 86–106; period 10: day 125–153; period 11: day 154–174; period 12: day 176–198; period 13: day 200–222 and period 14: day 223–244.

Fig.2 Ion conversion under partial redox conditions. (a) sulfate-reducing conditions; (b) nitrate-reducing conditions; (c) iron-reducing conditions.

Tab.1 Overview of the ion and phenanthrene consumption mole ratio

Tab.2 Overview of VSS (g/L) changes in this study

Fig.3 FISH analysis for community composition. (a) sulfate-reducing conditions; (b) methanogenic conditions; (c) nitrate-reducing conditions; (d) iron-reducing conditions; (e) original inoculum. Red excitation represents bacteria (Cy5-labeled); green excitation represents archaea (Cy3-labeled). Bar: 10 µm.

Fig.4 Bacterial community structures. (a) sulfate-reducing conditions; (b) methanogenic conditions; (c) nitrate-reducing conditions; (d) iron-reducing conditions; (e) original inoculum.

Fig.5 Principal component analysis (PCA) of anaerobically phenanthrene-degrading bacterial community compositions.

Fig.6 Archaea community structures. (a) original inoculum; (b) methanogenic conditions; (c) iron-reducing conditions.

Fig.7 Metabolic products for anaerobic phenanthrene degradation. (a) sulfate-reducing conditions; (b) methanogenic conditions; (c) nitrate-reducing conditions; (d) iron-reducing conditions. (I) 2-phenanthrene carboxylic acid, (II) dihydro-2-phenanthrene carboxylic acid, (III) hexahydro-2-phenanthrene carboxylic acid, (IV) octahydro-2-phenanthrene carboxylic acid, (V) p-cresol, (VI) cyclohex-1-en-1-ol.

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[1]	Quanhui Ye, Chengyue Liang, Chongyang Wang, Yun Wang, Hui Wang. Characterization of a phenanthrene-degrading methanogenic community[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(5): 4-.
[2]	Zhengjun Feng, Lizhong Zhu. Sorption of phenanthrene to biochar modified by base[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2018, 12(2): 1-.
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[4]	Jinghuan ZHANG, Mengchang HE, Chunye LIN, Ke SUN, Bin MEN, John L. ZHOU, . Phenanthrene sorption to environmental black carbon in sediments from the Song-Liao watershed (China)[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2009, 3(4): 434-442.
[5]	ZHU Runliang, ZHU Lizhong, ZHU Jianxi. Simultaneous sorption of aqueous phenanthrene and phosphate onto bentonites modified with AlCl3 and CTMAB[J]. Front.Environ.Sci.Eng., 2007, 1(1): 79-82.

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