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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (1) : 4    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1183-7
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio
Zhihao Si, Xinshan Song(), Xin Cao(), Yuhui Wang, Yifei Wang, Yufeng Zhao, Xiaoyan Ge, Awet Arefe Tesfahunegn
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Abstract

• CW-Fe allowed a high-performance of NO3-N removal at the COD/N ratio of 0.

• Higher COD/N resulted in lower chem-denitrification and higher bio-denitrification.

• The application of s-Fe0 contributed to TIN removal in wetland mesocosm.

• s-Fe0 changed the main denitrifiers in wetland mesocosm.

Sponge iron (s-Fe0) is a porous metal with the potential to be an electron donor for denitrification. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using s-Fe0 as the substrate of wetland mesocosms. Here, wetland mesocosms with the addition of s-Fe0 particles (CW-Fe) and a blank control group (CW-CK) were established. The NO3-N reduction property and water quality parameters (pH, DO, and ORP) were examined at three COD/N ratios (0, 5, and 10). Results showed that the NO3-N removal efficiencies were significantly increased by 6.6 to 58.9% in the presence of s-Fe0. NH4+-N was mainly produced by chemical denitrification, and approximately 50% of the NO3-N was reduced to NH4+-N, at the COD/ratio of 0. An increase of the influent COD/N ratio resulted in lower chemical denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. Although chemical denitrification mediated by s-Fe0 led to an accumulation of NH4+-N at COD/N ratios of 0 and 5, the TIN removal efficiencies increased by 4.5%‒12.4%. Moreover, the effluent pH, DO, and ORP values showed a significant negative correlation with total Fe and Fe (II) (P<0.01). High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that Trichococcus (77.2%) was the most abundant microorganism in the CW-Fe mesocosm, while Thauera, Zoogloea, and Herbaspirillum were the primary denitrifying bacteria. The denitrifiers, Simplicispira, Dechloromonas, and Denitratisoma, were the dominant bacteria for CW-CK. This study provides a valuable method and an improved understanding of NO3-N reduction characteristics of s-Fe0 in a wetland mesocosm.

Keywords Sponge iron      Wetland mesocosm      Electronic donor      Denitrification      COD/N ratio     
Corresponding Author(s): Xinshan Song,Xin Cao   
Issue Date: 30 October 2019
 Cite this article:   
Zhihao Si,Xinshan Song,Xin Cao, et al. Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(1): 4.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1183-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I1/4
Iron content (%) Caron content (%) Bulk density (g/cm3) BET (m2/g)
62.7?68.3 10.3?15.6 1.6?1.8 3.07?3.38
Tab.1  The physical properties of sponge iron particles
Fig.1  Schematic of wetland mesocosms.
Fig.2  Effects of sponge iron on NO3?-N conversion at different COD/N ratios. (a) Effluent NO3?-N concentrations. (b) Average NO3?-N removal. (c) Effluent NO2?-N concentrations. (d) Effluent NH4+-N concentrations. ** indicates a significant difference of P<0.01. *** indicates a significant difference of P<0.001.
Fig.3  Effects of sponge iron on TIN removal. ** indicates a significant difference of P<0.01. *** indicates a significant difference of P<0.001.
Fig.4  Effects of sponge iron on effluent COD concentrations. ns represents no significant difference.
Fig.5  SEM images and EDS analysis of sponge iron before (a) and after use (b).
Fig.6  Effluent concentrations of total Fe, Fe(II) and Fe(III) at different COD/N ratios.
Wetland type COD/N pH DO (mg/L) ORP (mV)
Influent 0 7.01±0.03 d 7.65±0.10a 198.0±11.3a
5 7.01±0.04 d 7.71±0.12a 196.0±8.1a
10 7.00±0.08 d 7.79±0.17a 198.9±9.2a
CW-CK 0 6.92±0.03 e 2.36±0.08b 93.0±10.6b
5 6.90±0.06 e 2.03±0.20c 61.4±13.9d
10 6.88±0.05 e 1.70±0.03e -41.2±4.1f
CW-Fe 0 9.55±0.08 a 1.86±0.07d 77.5±7.9c
5 9.39±0.06 b 1.87±0.25d 40.3±13.9e
10 7.63±0.05 c 1.51±0.03f -128.2±8.7g
Tab.2  Effects of sponge iron on effluent pH, DO and ORP values
Wetland type Iron speciation pH DO (mg/L) ORP (mV)
CW-CK Total Fe 0.22 0.308 0.293
Fe(II) 0.032 0.189 0.123
Fe(III) 0.469 0.284 0.417
CW-Fe Total Fe -0.953** -0.808** -0.958**
Fe(II) -0.957** -0.810** -0.971**
Fe(III) 0.275 0.258 0.353
Tab.3  Pearson’s correlation analysis between total Fe/Fe(II)/Fe(III) and pH, DO as well as ORP
Sample\Estimators ACE Chao1 Shannon Coverage
CW-CK 565.60 559.44 2.68 0.998
CW-Fe 243.27 242.00 1.22 0.999
Tab.4  The alpha diversity estimators of samples from CW-CK and CW-Fe
Fig.7  Heat map hierarchy cluster for the top 30 genera. Red and blue represent high or poor enrichment of a genus, respectively.
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