Please wait a minute...
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (2) : 33    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1212-6
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems
Xuan Zheng1,2, Sheng Lu2, Liuhanzi Yang3, Min Yan4, Guangyi Xu4, Xiaomeng Wu2, Lixin Fu2, Ye Wu2,5()
1. College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2. School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. International Council on Clean Transportation, Beijing 100084, China
4. Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen 518001, China
5. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
 Download: PDF(867 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD).

• The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results.

• The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%.

• There is a strong relationship (R2=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC.

An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R2 = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R2 = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.

Keywords Fuel consumption      Light-duty passenger vehicles      On-board diagnostic systems     
Corresponding Author(s): Ye Wu   
Issue Date: 17 January 2020
 Cite this article:   
Xuan Zheng,Sheng Lu,Liuhanzi Yang, et al. Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(2): 33.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-019-1212-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I2/33
Fig.1  Comparison of fuel consumption measured by the OBD and carbon balance method based on the NEDC for three LDPVs.
Fig.2  Comparison between the OBD and carbon balance method fuel rate for vehicle #1 under NEDC conditions.
Fig.3  Average fuel rates for LDPVs according to the operating mode.
Fig.4  Normalized fuel consumption for the different typical driving cycles of LDPVs.
Fig.5  Correlation between relative fuel consumption and average vehicle speed.
1 S Baek, J W Jang (2015). Implementation of integrated OBD-II connector with external network. Information Systems, 50: 69–75
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2014.06.011
2 P Bielaczyc, J Woodburn, A Szczotka (2015). A comparison of carbon dioxide exhaust emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles tested over the NEDC, FTP-75 and WLTC chassis dynamometer test cycles. SAE Technical Paper, No. 2015–01–1065. Michigan, USA: Society of Automobile Engineers
3 CPEA (China Petroleum Enterprise Association) (2019). Blue Book of Analysis and Prospect of China’s Oil and Gas Industry Development (2018–2019). Beijing: China Petrochemical Press (in Chinese)
4 T H DeFries, M Sabisch, S Kishan, F Posada, J German, A Bandivadekar (2014). In-use fuel economy and CO2 emissions measurement using OBD data on US light-duty vehicles. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(3): 1382–1396
https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1623
5 M Farrugia, J P Azzopardi, E Xuereb, C Caruana, M Farrugia (2016). The usefulness of diesel vehicle onboard diagnostics (OBD) information. In: 17th International Conference on Mechatronics-Mechatronika (ME). Brno, Czech Republic: IEEE, 1–5
6 G Fontaras, H Kouridis, Z Samaras, D Elst, R Gense (2007). Use of a vehicle-modelling tool for predicting CO2 emissions in the framework of European regulations for light goods vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 41(14): 3009–3021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.004
7 L He, J Hu, L Yang, Z Li, X Zheng, S Xie, L Zu, J Chen, Y Li, Y Wu (2019). Real-world gaseous emissions of high-mileage taxi fleets in China. Science of the Total Environment, 659(1): 267–274
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.336 pmid: 30599345
8 X He, Y Wu, S Zhang, M A Tamor, T J Wallington, W Shen, W Han, L Fu, J Hao (2016). Individual trip chain distributions for passenger cars: Implications for market acceptance of battery electric vehicles and energy consumption by plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 180(15): 650–660
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.021
9 H Huo, Z Yao, K He, X Yu (2011). Fuel consumption rates of passenger cars in China: Labels versus real-world. Energy Policy, 39(11): 7130–7135
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.031
10 ISSRC (The International Sustainable Systems Research Center) (2008). IVE Model User Manual:Version 2.0. La Habra: The International Sustainable Systems Research Center
11 J L Jimenez-Palacios (1998). Understanding and Quantifying Motor Vehicle Emissions with Vehicle Specific Power and TILDAS Remote Sensing. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
12 C Liu, H Dai, L Zhang, C Feng (2019). The impacts of economic restructuring and technology upgrade on air quality and human health in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 13(5): 70
13 R Ma, X He, Y Zheng, B Zhou, S Lu, Y Wu (2019). Real-world driving cycles and energy consumption informed by large-sized vehicle trajectory data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 223(20): 564–574
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.002
14 R Malekian, N R Moloisane, L Nair, B T Maharaj, U A Chude-Okonkwo (2017). Design and implementation of a wireless OBD II fleet management system. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(4): 1154–1164
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2016.2631542
15 A Marotta, J Pavlovic, B Ciuffo, S Serra, G Fontaras (2015). Gaseous emissions from light-duty vehicles: Moving from NEDC to the new WLTP test procedure. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(14): 8315–8322
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01364 pmid: 26111353
16 V Mickūnaitis, A Pikūnas, I Mackoit (2007). Reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emission in motor cars. Transport, 22(3): 160–163 doi:10.1080/16484142.2007.9638119
17 L Qin, M B Dror, L Kang, F An (2016). Passenger car actual fuel consumption and working condition fuel consumption. Beijing: Innovation Center of Energy and Transportation (in Chinese)
18 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) (2008). Electrical/Electronic Systems Diagnostic Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms. Standards. J1930_200810. Michigan: Society of Automobile Engineers
19 G Saliba, R Saleh, Y Zhao, A A Presto, A T Lambe, B Frodin, S Sardar, H Maldonado, C Maddox, A A May, G T Drozd, A H Goldstein, L M Russell, F Hagen, A L Robinson (2017). Comparison of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) and port fuel injection (PFI) vehicle emissions: Emission certification standards, cold-start, secondary organic aerosol formation potential, and potential climate impacts. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(11): 6542–6552
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b06509 pmid: 28441489
20 U Tietge, S Diaz, P Mock, A Bandivadekar, J Dornoff, N Ligterink (2018). From Laboratory to Road. 2018 Update of Official and “Real-World” Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Cars in Europe. Berlin, Germany: International Council on Clean Transportation
21 U Tietge, S Diaz, P Mock, J German, A Bandivadekar, N Ligterink (2016). From Laboratory to Road. 2016 Update of Official and “Real-World” Fuel Consumption and CO2 Values for Passenger Cars in Europe. Berlin: International Council on Clean Transportation
22 U Tietge, P Mock, V Franco, N Zacharof (2017). From laboratory to road: Modeling the divergence between official and real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emission values in the German passenger car market for the years 2001–2014. Energy Policy, 103: 212–222
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.021
23 U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2010). Development of Emission Rates for Heavy-duty Vehicles in the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (Final Report). MOVES2010. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-420-B-12–049. Washington, DC, USA: USEPA
24 U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2015). On-board Diagnostics (OBD). Washington, DC, USA: USEPA
25 D V Wagner, F An, C Wang (2009). Structure and impacts of fuel economy standards for passenger cars in China. Energy Policy, 37(10): 3803–3811
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.009
26 M P Walsh (2014). PM2.5: Global progress in controlling the motor vehicle contribution. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(1): 1–17
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0634-4
27 L Wang, J Fu, W Wei, Z Wei, C Meng, S Ma, J Wang (2018). How aerosol direct effects influence the source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations over Southern Hebei, China in severe winter haze episodes. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 12(3): 13
28 Z Wang, Y Jin, M Wang, W Wei (2010). New fuel consumption standards for Chinese passenger vehicles and their effects on reductions of oil use and CO2 emissions of the Chinese passenger vehicle fleet. Energy Policy, 38(9): 5242–5250
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.012
29 Y Wen, H Wang, T Larson, M Kelp, S Zhang, Y Wu, J D Marshall (2019). On-highway vehicle emission factors, and spatial patterns, based on mobile monitoring and absolute principal component score. Science of the Total Environment, 676(1): 242–251
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.185 pmid: 31048156
30 X Wu, Y Wu, S Zhang, H Liu, L Fu, J Hao (2016). Assessment of vehicle emission programs in China during 1998–2013: Achievement, challenges and implications. Environmental Pollution, 214: 556–567
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.042 pmid: 27131815
31 X Wu, S Zhang, X Guo, Z Yang, J Liu, L He, X Zheng, L Han, H Liu, Y Wu (2019). Assessment of ethanol blended fuels for gasoline vehicles in China: Fuel economy, regulated gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. Environmental Pollution, 253: 731–740
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.045 pmid: 31336351
32 X Wu, S Zhang, Y Wu, Z Li, Y Zhou, L Fu, J Hao (2015). Real-world emissions and fuel consumption of diesel buses and trucks in Macao: From on-road measurement to policy implications. Atmospheric Environment, 120: 393–403
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.09.015
33 Y Wu, S Zhang, J Hao, H Liu, X Wu, J Hu, M P Walsh, T J Wallington, K M Zhang, S Stevanovic (2017). On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China: A review and outlook. Science of the Total Environment, 574(1): 332–349
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040 pmid: 27639470
34 D Yang, S Zhang, T Niu, Y Wang, H Xu, K M Zhang, Y Wu (2019). High-resolution mapping of vehicle emissions of atmospheric pollutants based on large-scale, real-world traffic datasets. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(13): 8831–8843
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8831-2019
35 L Yang (2016). Evaluating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Nitrogen Oxides Emission Characteristics Based on On-board Diagnostic Approach. Dissertation for the Master Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University (in Chinese)
36 Z Yang, L Yang (2018). Evaluation of real-world fuel consumption of light-duty vehicles in China. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) Report. Beijing: International Council on Clean Transportation
37 X Yue, Y Wu, X Huang, Y Ma, Y Pang, X Bao, J Hao (2012). Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: In-use case study in Beijing, China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 6(5): 717–724
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0438-3
38 N Zacharof, G Fontaras, B Ciuffo, S Tsiakmakis, K Anagnostopoulos, A Marotta, J Pavlovic (2016). Review of In Use Factors Affecting the Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Passenger Cars. Brussels: European Commission
39 S Zhang, Y Wu, J Hu, R Huang, Y Zhou, X Bao, L Fu, J Hao (2014a). Can Euro V heavy-duty diesel engines, diesel hybrid and alternative fuel technologies mitigate NOx emissions? New evidence from on-road tests of buses in China. Applied Energy, 132(1): 118–126
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.008
40 S Zhang, Y Wu, H Liu, R Huang, P Un, Y Zhou, L Fu, J Hao (2014b). Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by driving conditions for light-duty passenger vehicles in China. Energy, 69 (1): 247–257
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.103
41 S Zhang, Y Wu, H Liu, R Huang, L Yang, Z Li, L Fu, J Hao (2014c). Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of urban public buses in Beijing. Applied Energy, 113: 1645–1655
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.017
42 S Zhang, Y Wu, X Wu, M Li, Y Ge, B Liang, Y Xu, Y Zhou, H Liu, L Fu, J Hao (2014d). Historic and future trends of vehicle emissions in Beijing, 1998–2020: A policy assessment for the most stringent vehicle emission control program in China. Atmospheric Environment, 89: 216–229
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.12.002
43 X Zheng, X Wu, L He, X Guo, Y Wu (2019). Black carbon emissions from light-duty passenger vehicles using ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19(7): 1645–1654
https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.02.0095
44 X Zheng, Y Wu, J Jiang, S Zhang, H Liu, S Song, Z Li, X Fan, L Fu, J Hao (2015). Characteristics of on-road diesel vehicles: black carbon emissions in Chinese cities based on portable emissions measurement. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(22): 13492–13500
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04129 pmid: 26462141
45 X Zheng, Y Wu, S Zhang, L He, J Hao (2018). Evaluating real-world emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles with deactivated three-way catalyst converters. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1): 126–132
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.08.001
[1] FSE-19117-OF-ZX_suppl_1 Download
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed