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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (6) : 92    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1271-8
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Precursors and potential sources of ground-level ozone in suburban Shanghai
Kun Zhang1,2,3, Jialuo Xu1,3, Qing Huang1,3, Lei Zhou1,3,4(), Qingyan Fu5, Yusen Duan5, Guangli Xiu1,3,4()
1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes; School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
2. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
3. Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, School of Resources & Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
4. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
5. Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
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Abstract

• Air masses from Zhejiang Province is the major source of O3 in suburban Shanghai.

• O3 formation was in VOC-sensitive regime in rural Shanghai.

• O3 formation was most sensitive to propylene in rural Shanghai.

A high level of ozone (O3) is frequently observed in the suburbs of Shanghai, the reason for this high level remains unclear. To obtain a detailed insight on the high level of O3 during summer in Shanghai, O3 and its precursors were measured at a suburban site in Shanghai from July 1, 2016 to July 31, 2016. Using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and concentration weighted trajectories (CWT), we found that Zhejiang province was the main potential source of O3 in suburban Shanghai. When the sampling site was controlled by south-western winds exceeding 2 m/s, the O3-rich air masses from upwind regions (such as Zhejiang province) could be transported to the suburban Shanghai. The propylene-equivalent concentration (PEC) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were further calculated for each VOC species, and the results suggested that propylene, (m+p)-xylene, and toluene played dominant roles in O3 formation. The Ozone Isopleth Plotting Research (OZIPR) model was used to reveal the impact of O3 precursors on O3 formation, and 4 base-cases were selected to adjust the model simulation. An average disparity of 18.20% was achieved between the simulated and observed O3 concentrations. The O3 isopleth diagram illustrated that O3 formation in July 2016 was in VOC-sensitive regime, although the VOC/NOx ratio was greater than 20. By introducing sensitivity (S), a sensitivity analysis was performed for O3 formation. We found that O3 formation was sensitive to propylene, (m+p)-xylene, o-xylene and toluene. The results provide theoretical support for O3 pollution treatment in Shanghai.

Keywords Ozone      OZIPR      Volatile organic compounds      Shanghai      HYSPLIT     
Corresponding Author(s): Lei Zhou,Guangli Xiu   
Issue Date: 02 June 2020
 Cite this article:   
Kun Zhang,Jialuo Xu,Qing Huang, et al. Precursors and potential sources of ground-level ozone in suburban Shanghai[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 92.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1271-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I6/92
Fig.1  Location of monitoring site (green circle) and Dianshan station (red star).
VOC group Interpretation Initial fraction
ALK4 Low molecular weight alkanes 0.153
ALK7 High molecular weight alkanes 0.198
ETHE Ethene 0.009
PEPR Propylene 0.091
TBUT High molecular weight alkenes 0.016
TOLU Low molecular weight reactive aromatic hydrocarbons 0.253
XYLE Intermediate molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons 0.115
TMBZ High molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons 0.029
HCHO Formaldehyde 0.020
ALD2 Acetaldehyde 0.020
RCHO High molecular weight carbonyl compounds 0.009
NRHC Nonreactive hydrocarbons 0.081
Tab.1  VOC groups and initial fraction on 22 July 2016
Parameters (units) Max Min Mean Median
P (hPa) 1012.54 998.50 1004.94±3.28 1005.29
T (°C) 38.87 21.85 29.49±3.35 28.88
RH (%) 99.16 57.65 81.01±9.09 91.93
NO (µg/m3) 40.14 4.93 7.08±10.01 7.04
NO2 (µg/m3) 85.16 2.20 30.60±21.38 19.43
O3 (µg/m3) 356.91 5.21 147.21±78.64 124.67
Total VOC (µg/m3) 1509.43 1.59 169.28±212.83 100.63
Tab.2  Summary of key pollutants and meteorological parameters
Fig.2  Normalized diurnal variations of T, RH, NO, NO2, and O3 (The shading shows the 95% confidence interval).
Fig.3  Wind rose (a), CPF plot of propylene (b), and CPF plot of ozone (c) in July 2016.
Fig.4  Volume mixing ratio, carbon-based concentration, and PEC concentration fractions of each VOC category.
Rank Species Concentration (Mean±SD) ?Species Concentration (Mean±SD in) ?Species PEC (Mean±SD)
µg/m3 % ppbC % ppbC (×1012) %
1 Toluene 28.86±55.69 25.36 ?Toluene 42.75±89.13 15.75 ?Propylene 168.67±89.13 34.68
2 Propylene 24.05±15.89 11.15 ?Propylene 40.40±26.07 14.89 ?(m+p) -Xylene 71.21±18.83 14.64
3 (m+p) -Xylene 13.72±22.69 7.39 ?(m+p) -Xylene 23.61±39.03 8.70 ?Toluene 40.44±8.84 8.32
4 n-Hexane 9.66±19.93 5.56 ?n-Hexane 13.63±32.47 5.02 ?Isoprene 26.20±124.68 5.39
5 Ethylbenzene 7.86±11.25 5.12 ?Ethylbenzene 13.46±19.36 4.96 ?x-Xylene 16.03±10.09 3.3
6 iso-Pentane 7.27±12.81 4.54 ?Benzene 12.45±13.46 4.59 ?Ethylbenzene 14.95±3.58 3.07
7 Propane 7.01±7.91 4.28 ?iso-Pentane 12.06±19.96 4.44 ?Trans-2-butene 14.72±48.56 3.03
8 Benzene 6.60±7.66 4.16 ?Propane 11.78±13.04 4.34 ?n-Hexane 12.14±2.78 2.5
9 n-Butane 6.42±6.90 3.91 ?n-Butane 10.89±11.56 4.01 ?1,2,4-Trimethyl-benzene 11.37±14.29 2.34
10 Isobutane 5.20±5.59 3.17 ?iso-Butane 8.85±9.41 3.26 ?n-Undecane 11.13±4.40 2.29
Tab.3  Top 10 VOC species in mixing volume concentrations, carbon-based concentrations, and PECs.
Fig.5  O3 as a function of temperature.
Fig.6  72-h backward air trajectories with 1-h intervals arriving at the experimental site over the measurement period (a) and the result of CWT analysis of O3 (b).
Fig.7  Comparison between experimental and simulated values of O3 (a) and O3 isopleth diagram for different VOCs and NOx concentrations in July 2016 (b).
Fig.8  Calculated sensitivity for major O3 precursor groups on 22 July 2016.
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