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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (6) : 95    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1274-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Optimized determination of airborne tetracycline resistance genes in laboratory atmosphere
Lu Song, Can Wang(), Yizhu Wang
Indoor Air Environment Quality Control Laboratory of Tianjin, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Abstract

• Sampling parameters with high efficiency was determined.

• Operational process to detect airborne ARGs was optimized.

• Providing research basis to control airborne ARGs of a laboratory atmosphere

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in various atmospheric environments. Airborne ARGs transmission presents the public health threat. However, it is very difficult to quantify airborne ARGs because of the limited availability of collectable airborne particulate matter and the low biological content of samples. In this study, an optimized protocol for collecting and detecting airborne ARGs was presented. Experimental results showed that recovery efficiency tended to increase initially and then declined over time, and a range of 550–780 copies/mm2 of capture loading was recommended to ensure that the recovery efficiency is greater than 75%. As the cell walls were mechanically disrupted and nucleic acids were released, the buffer wash protects ARGs dissolution. Three ratios of buffer volume to membrane area in buffer wash were compared. The highest concentrations of airborne ARGs were detected with 1.4 µL/mm2 buffer wash. Furthermore, the majority of the cells were disrupted by an ultrasonication pretreatment (5 min), allowing the efficiency ARGs detection of airborne samples. While, extending the ultrasonication can disrupt cell structures and gene sequence was broken down into fragments. Therefore, this study could provide a theoretical basis for the efficient filter collection of airborne ARGs in different environments. An optimized sampling method was proposed that the buffer wash was 1.4 µL/mm2 and the ultrasonication duration was 5 min. The indoor airborne ARGs were examined in accordance with the improved protocol in two laboratories. The result demonstrated that airborne ARGs in an indoor laboratory atmosphere could pose the considerable health risk to inhabitants and we should pay attention to some complicated indoor air environment.
Keywords Airborne tetracycline resistance genes      Filter sampling      Capture loading      Membrane pretreatment      Indoor laboratory atmosphere     
Corresponding Author(s): Can Wang   
Issue Date: 11 June 2020
 Cite this article:   
Lu Song,Can Wang,Yizhu Wang. Optimized determination of airborne tetracycline resistance genes in laboratory atmosphere[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 95.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1274-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I6/95
Environmental
Media		 Country Source type Target gene References
River Spain WWTP sul1(5.0 × 103 copies/16S rDNA gene copies) Marti et al. (2013)
River USA WWTP tetA(6.3 × 102 copies/mL) tetX(1.2 × 103 copies/mL) Lapara et al. (2011)
Surface water/river Spain Human waste tetM tetO tetQ tetW qnrD qnrS qepA oqxA and oqxB(data not reported) Rodriguez-Mozaz et al. (2015)
Surface water/river Spain WWTP blaTEM blaCTX-M blaSHV(data not reported) Sidrach-Cardona et al. (2014)
Surface water/river Canada WWTP sul1 sul2 tetO qnrS(data not reported) Hayward et al. (2018)
Vidy Bay sediments Switzerland WWTP sul1(2.2 × 109 copies/g) tetB(1.5 × 106 copies/g) Czekalski et al. (2014)
Rubbish China Urban area sul1((9.3±0.1) × 106 copies/g) sul2((3.7±0.1) × 108 copies/g) tetW((2.3±0.1) × 105 copies/g) Li et al. (2015)
Soil USA Human waste tetZ(5.9 × 109 copies/ng) Hong et al. (2013)
Biological organ Italy Antibiotic ystA ystB(data not reported) Fois et al. (2018)
Biological USA;
Norway		 Medicine and farming strA-strB(data not reported) Ludvigsen et al. (2018)
Biological Poland Fish processing plant actA fbpA hlyA plcA plcB prfA (data not reported) Skowron et al. (2018)
Air USA Terrestrial agriculture tetO tetM tetW tetQ(data not reported) Mceachran et al. (2015)
Air USA Indoor environments tetX(1.0 × 102−2.0 × 102 copies/m3) tetW(1.0 × 102−4.0 × 102 copies/m3) Ling et al. (2013)
Air USA Urban parks sul1(103 copies/m3) Echeverria-Palencia et al. (2017)
Air South Africa Indoor environments sul1(1.6 × 10−3 copies/m3) Pal et al. (2016)
Air China Indoor environments qepA (0.3±0.1 copies/16S rRNA gene copies) blaTEM (0.2±0.1 copies/16S rRNA gene copies) Li et al. (2018)
Tab.1  Types and concentrations of ARGs in different environments
Fig.1  The schematic depicting experimental approach.
Fig.2  The relationship between recovery efficiency and capture loading.
Fig.3  Surface plots of recovery efficiency under different conditions. RE: Recovery efficiency.
Fig.4  Airborne tetracycline resistance gene concentrations under different ratios of buffer volume to membrane area during buffer washing procedure (Error bar presents standard deviation, n present numbers of samples, n = 3 in each buffer wash).
Fig.5  Airborne tetracycline resistance gene concentrations under different ultrasonic pretreatment time. (Error bar presents standard deviation, n present numbers of samples, n = 3 in each ultrasonic pretreatment time)
Fig.6  The airborne tetracycline resistance gene concentration in laboratory (Error bar presents standard deviation, n presents numbers of samples in the same day, n = 4 in each laboratory).
Target gene ARGs concentrations in Lab 1 (copies/m3)
0:00?6:00 6:00?12:00 12:00?18:00 18:00?24:00
Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max
tetM (n = 4 × 3) 1.3 × 104 1.2 × 104?1.4 × 104 1.0 × 104 8.8 × 103?1.3 × 104 1.0 × 104 7.5 × 103?1.3 × 104 9.7 × 103 9.1 × 103?1.1 × 104
tetG (n = 4 × 3) 2.2 × 103 1.8 × 103?2.9 × 103 3.2 × 103 2.9 × 103?3.7 × 103 3.7 × 103 3.0 × 103?4.3 × 103 2.7 × 103 2.5 × 103?3.1 × 103
tetC (n = 4 × 3) 1.8 × 103 1.7 × 103?2.0 × 103 1.3 × 103 7.6 × 102?2.1 × 103 1.6 × 103 1.4 × 103?1.9 × 103 2.6 × 103 2.1 × 103?3.0 × 103
tetO (n = 4 × 3) 2.1 × 10-1 1.8 × 10−1−2.5 × 10−1 1.4 × 10−1 8.0 × 10−2−1.9 × 10−1 1.2 × 10−1 7.0 × 10−2−2.0 × 10−1 8.0 × 10−2 3.0 × 10−2−1.2 × 10−1
Tab.2  The concentrations of airborne tetracycline resistance genes in laboratory 1
Target gene ARGs concentrations in Lab 2 (copies/m3)
0:00?6:00 6:00?12:00 12:00?18:00 18:00?24:00
Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max Mean Min?Max
tetM (n = 4 × 3) 7.4 × 103 6.9 × 103?8.3 × 103 6.1 × 103 5.6 × 103?6.8 × 103 6.0 × 103 5.8 × 103?6.1 × 103 6.7 × 103 6.2 × 103?7.1 × 103
tetG (n = 4 × 3) 5.8 × 102 5.7 × 102?6.0 × 102 5.1 × 102 4.6 × 102?5.9 × 102 4.8 × 102 4.2 × 102?5.1 × 102 2.9 × 102 2.8 × 102?3.1 × 102
tetC (n = 4 × 3) 1.7 × 103 1.5 × 103?2.1 × 103 1.3 × 103 1.0 × 103?1.7 × 103 1.7 × 103 1.1 × 103?2.3 × 103 2.1 × 103 1.8 × 103?2.7 × 103
tetO (n = 4 × 3) 1.3 × 10−1 8.0 × 10−2?2.0 × 10−1 1.3 × 10−1 6.0 × 10−2?2.4 × 10−1 7.7 × 10−2 5.1 × 10−2?1.1 × 10−1 7.4 × 10−2 2.0 × 10−2?1.3 × 10−1
Tab.3  The concentrations of airborne tetracycline resistance genes in laboratory 2
Fig.7  The Shannon–Wiener index and dissimilarity index in two laboratories.
Fig.8  Temporal variation of tetM abundance in the two laboratories.
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