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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (6) : 99    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1278-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction
Hossein D. Atoufi1, Hasti Hasheminejad2(), David J. Lampert1
1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Abstract

• Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process.

• Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes.

• CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water.

• Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method.

• CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development.

This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.

Keywords Capacitive deionization (CDI)      Desalination      Electrical conductivity (EC)      Graphite bipolar electrode      Activated carbon coated (ACC)     
Corresponding Author(s): Hasti Hasheminejad   
Issue Date: 11 June 2020
 Cite this article:   
Hossein D. Atoufi,Hasti Hasheminejad,David J. Lampert. Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 99.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1278-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I6/99
# Run Time (min) Initial concentration (mg/L) Voltage (V) pH
1 20 10,000 1.0 7.0
2 40 500 1.5 4.0
3 30 500 1.0 7.0
4 20 10,000 2.0 10
5 30 10,000 1.5 4.0
6 40 10,000 1.0 4.0
7 40 5,000 2.0 10.0
8 30 10,000 1.0 10.0
9 20 5,000 1.0. 10.0
10 30 5,000 1.5 7.0
11 40 500 1.0 10.0
12 30 5,000 2.0 10.0
13 30 5,000 1.0 4.0
14 40 10,000 1.5 10.0
15 30 500 1.5 10
16 30 5,000 1.5 7.0
17 30 5,000 1.5 7.0
18 20 500 2.0 4.0
19 30 5,000 1.5 7.0
20 20 500 1.0 4.0
21 40 500 1.0 4.0
22 20 5,000 2.0 7.0
23 20 500 1.5 10.0
24 30 5,000 1.5 7.0
25 40 1,000 2.0 4.0
Tab.1  Designed experiments by RSM
Source Sum of
squares
Degrees of freedom Mean square F-value p-value
Model 11,949.96 4 2,987.49 9,687.81 <0.0001
A-Time 1.22 1 1.22 3.97 0.0601
B-Concentration 9,101.19 1 9,101.19 29,513.28 <0.0001
D-pH 6.00 1 6.00 19.47 0.0003
B2 2,247.64 1 2,247.64 7,288.63 <0.0001
Residual 6.17 20 0.31
Lack of Fit 2.74 15 0.18 0.27 0.9791
Pure Error 3.43 5 0.69
Total 11956.13 24
R2 0.9995
Adjusted R2 0.9994
Predicted R2 0.9993
Adequate precision 201.507
Tab.2  ANOVA for response surface modified quadratic model
Fig.1  EC reduction under the different initial concentrations of NaCl.
Fig.2  EC reduction efficiency under different times.
Fig.3  EC reduction efficiency under different ranges of pH.
Fig.4  Interaction of initial concentrations versus time at different pH.
Fig.5  Interaction of initial concentrations versus pH at different times.
Fig.6  Interaction of pH versus time in different initial concentrations.
Fig.7  SEM photo of the coated electrode with AC: (a) before and (b) after the CDI desalination process with a 500X magnification.
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