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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2020, Vol. 14 Issue (6) : 100    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1279-0
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China
Kehui Liu1,2, Xiaolu Liang1,2, Chunming Li1,2, Fangming Yu1,3(), Yi Li1,3()
1. Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Ministry of Education), Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
2. College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
3. College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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Abstract

• The soil TP level was high or extremely high in all areas.

• TN, OM and available Cu were insufficient in EA, TA and RA.

• All areas reached the heavily polluted level and had high ecological risk levels.

• Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.

Nutrient status and pollution levels are the main factors affecting soil restoration. The nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas, an unexplored mine area (UA), an explored mine area (EA), a tailings area (TA), a reclamation area (RA) and an agricultural area (AA), around the Pingle manganese mine in Guangxi, China, were assessed in this study. The results showed that the average total phosphorus in these five areas ranged from 1.05 to 1.57 mg/kg, corresponding to grades of extremely high and high. The average total nitrogen values were 0.19, 0.69, 0.93, 1.24 and 1.67 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, corresponding to grades of very low, low, medium-low, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. The average organic matter values were 12.78, 8.92, 22.77, 21.29 and 29.11 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, which corresponded to grades of medium-low, low, medium-high, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. All these results indicated that the total phosphorus was sufficient in these areas, while the total nitrogen and organic matter were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. The available concentrations of Mn and Zn corresponded to the intermediate grade, while the values for Cu corresponded to the very low grade; these might be another factor restricting ecological reclamation. Contamination and ecological risk assessments based on the single contamination index, Nemerow multi-factor index and potential ecological risk index showed that the five tested areas around the Mn mine were considered heavily polluted and presented high ecological risk. Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.
Keywords Ecological reclamation      Ecological risk assessment      Heavy metal      Mn mine      Soil nutrients     
Corresponding Author(s): Fangming Yu,Yi Li   
Issue Date: 12 June 2020
 Cite this article:   
Kehui Liu,Xiaolu Liang,Chunming Li, et al. Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2020, 14(6): 100.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1279-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2020/V14/I6/100
Parameter Area Range Mean±S.D.
value		 Soil fertility grade standard
pH UA (n = 8) 3.98–4.99 4.65±0.46 a I–II(II)
EA (n = 10) 4.03–6.76 4.92±1.24 a I–IV(II)
TA (n = 10) 4.00–5.80 4.86±0.59 a I–III(II)
RA (n = 8) 4.78–5.57 5.08±0.34 a II–III(II)
AA (n = 9) 4.78–5.98 5.36±0.44 a II–III(II)
TP (g/kg) UA (n = 8) 1.10–1.88 1.57±0.36 a I–I(I)
EA (n = 10) 0.82–1.30 1.05±0.16 b aaCCCASawwwaaaaaaabab I–II(I)
TA (n = 10) 0.90–1.72 1.30±0.25 ab I–II(I)
RA (n = 8) 1.00–1.43 1.18±0.18 ab I–I(I)
AA (n = 9) 1.08–2.38 1.34±0.43 ab I–I(I)
TN (g/kg) UA (n = 8) 0.93–1.46 1.24±0.25 ab III–IV (III)
EA (n = 10) 0.07–0.67 0.19±0.22 c V–VI (VI)
TA (n = 10) 0.37–1.07 0.69±0.22 bc III–VI (V)
RA (n = 8) 0.45–1.38 0.93±0.50 abc III–VI (IV)
AA (n = 9) 0.23–3.28 1.67±1.13 a I–VI (II)
OM (g/kg) UA (n = 8) 14.49–26.92 21.29±5.14 ab III–IV (III)
EA (n = 10) 3.98–17.44 12.78±4.86 bc IV–VI (IV)
TA (n = 10) 2.01–19.46 8.92±3.22 c IV–VI (V)
RA (n = 8) 12.23–34.58 22.77±10.22 ab III–V (IV)
AA (n = 9) 12.33–52.30 29.11±13.21 a I–IV(III)
TOC (g/g) UA (n = 8) 8.40–15.61 12.35±2.98 ab –
EA (n = 10) 2.31–10.11 7.41±2.82 bc –
TA (n = 10) 1.17–11.29 5.61±3.96 c –
RA (n = 8) 7.22–20.06 13.35±5.90 ab –
AA (n = 9) 7.27–30.86 17.17±7.80 a –
C/N UA (n = 8) 5.87–13.27 10.37±3.18 b –
EA (n = 10) 11.97–116.14 66.60±33.26 a –
TA (n = 10) 1.83–26.51 10.30±9.76 b –
RA (n = 8) 12.10–18.09 15.19±2.52 b –
AA (n = 9) 4.42–31.63 16.30±10.97b –
Tab.1  pH and nutrient status of soils in five areas around the Pingle Mn mine in Guangxi, southern China
Parameter Area Range Mean±S.D.
value		 *Background
value		 **National standard
Mn UA (n = 8) 6739.50–10139.21 9137.10±1622.0 a 176 # –
EA (n = 10) 4741.47–17619.00 9597.47±5572.98 a
TA (n = 10) 7264.14–19756.78 11268.63±4425.17 a
RA (n = 8) 1441.41–12323.84 7043.36±4446.64 a
AA (n = 9) 1236.92–8169.21 4765.93±2699.03 a
Cu UA (n = 8) 54.88–77.61 67.56±10.17 b 27.8 ## ≤150
EA (n = 10) 37.06–90.08 61.00±17.77 b
TA (n = 10) 56.10–113.53 87.20±24.10 a
RA (n = 8) 59.52–118.61 79.86±26.58 ab
AA (n = 9) 32.83–93.92 52.63±9.47 c
Cd UA (n = 8) 6.82–13.35 10.69±2.90 a 0.267 ## ≤0.3
EA (n = 10) 0.00–30.20 11.23±10.59 a
TA (n = 10) 3.55–41.04 17.40±12.04 a
RA (n = 8) 6.49–33.62 15.37±12.50 a
AA (n = 9) 3.46–11.47 6.71±2.48 a
Pb UA (n = 8) 62.56–76.51 68.01±6.06 b 19.5 # ≤250
EA (n = 10) 85.82–95.53 89.95±4.41 a
TA (n = 10) 71.67–121.91 89.61±19.23 a
RA (n = 8) 67.44–105.52 89.68±18.52 a
AA (n = 9) 69.73–95.57 81.45±9.23 a
Zn UA (n = 8) 134.59–172.55 154.87±15.96 a 75.6 ## ≤200
EA (n = 10) 116.92–155.12 132.34±15.45 bc
TA (n = 10) 119.12–155.51 135.46±13.52 bc
RA (n = 8) 121.23–132.48 127.08±4.63 c
AA (n = 9) 116.44–180.00 135.84±20.46 ab
Tab.2  Total heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) in soils in five areas around the Pingle Mn mine in Guangxi, southern China
Parameter Area Range Mean±S.D.
Value		 *Soil fertility standard
Mn UA (n = 8) 4.58–22.26 11.47±8.02 a II–III (III)
EA (n = 10) 2.54–7.51 4.58±1.75 b III–IV (II)
TA (n = 10) 1.50–13.42 7.05±4.55 ab III–IV (III)
RA (n = 8) 2.58–11.84 8.40±4.03 ab II–III (III)
AA (n = 9) 2.37–13.40 6.58±3.3.6 ab III–IV (III)
Cu UA (n = 8) 0.07–0.09 0.08±0.01 b V–V (V)
EA (n = 10) 0.00–0.02 0.01±0.01 b V–V (V)
TA (n = 10) 0.00–0.14 0.05±0.05 b V–V (V)
RA (n = 8) 0.03–4.01 1.37±1.82 a I–V (II)
AA (n = 9) 0.11–3.58 1.02±1.10 ab I–V (II)
Cd UA (n = 8) 0.04–0.12 0.09±0.04 b –
EA (n = 10) 0.16–0.83 0.55±0.25 ab –
TA (n = 10) 0.06–1.79 1.01±0.69 a –
RA (n = 8) 0.86–1.26 1.03±0.17 a –
AA (n = 9) 0.06–1.01 0.52±0.39 ab –
Pb UA (n = 8) 0.15–1.49 0.98±0.60 a –
EA (n = 10) 0.83–1.86 1.15±0.45 a –
TA (n = 10) 0.44–2.68 1.60±0.83 a –
RA (n = 8) 0.92–2.75 1.48±0.85 a –
AA (n = 9) 0.15–2.06 0.97±0.73 a –
Zn UA (n = 8) 0.11–0.74 0.44±0.34 a III–IV (III)
EA (n = 10) 0.12–2.26 0.78±0.82 a I–IV(III)
TA (n = 10) 0.16–2.68 1.10±0.94 a I–IV(II)
RA (n = 8) 0.22–2.06 0.85±0.84 a I–III (III)
AA (n = 9) 0.09–5.52 1.95±2.03a I–V (II)
Tab.3  EDTA-extractable heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) of soils in five areas around the Pingle Mn mine in Guangxi, southern China
Fig.1  Heat map of the correlations between heavy metal availability and physicochemical properties in soil samples (n = 45) based on Pearson correlation coefficients. 1) Yellow, white, and blue represent strong positive correlations, weak correlations and strong negative correlations, respectively. 2) “*” and “**” indicate significant correlations at P<0.05 and at P<0.01, respectively.
Area Single contamination index (Pi) Nemerow multi-
factor index (Pcom)
PMn PCu PCd PPb PZn
EA (n = 8) 54.53±31.67 ab 2.19±0.64 ab 42.06±34.32 a 4.61±0.23 a 1.76±0.21 a 42.96±27.19 a
(Risk level) (H) (M) (H) (H) (L) (H)
TA (n = 10) 64.03±25.14 a 3.14±0.87 a 65.17±45.09 a 4.60±0.98 a 1.81±0.18 a 50.71±31.42 a
(Risk level) (H) (H) (H) (H) (L) (H)
RA (n = 10) 40.02±25.26 ab 2.87±0.96 ab 57.57±46.82 a 4.60±0.95 a 1.69±0.06 a 43.42±32.74 a
(Risk level) (H) (M) (H) (H) (L) (H)
AA (n = 8) 27.08±15.34 b 1.89±0.70 b 25.13±9.28 a 4.18±0.74 b 1.81±0.27 a 19.83±6.55 a
(Risk level) (H) (L) (H) (H) (L) (H)
UA (n = 9) 51.92±9.22 ab 2.43±0.37 ab 40.04±10.87 a 3.49±0.31 b 1.96±0.25 a 31.75±7.13 a
(Risk level) (H) (L) (H) (H) (L) (H)
Average 47.51±25.85 ab 2.50±0.86 ab 46.75±34.63 a 4.34±0.74 1.81±0.21 a 37.48±25.35 a
(Risk level) (H) (H) (H) (H) (L) (H)
Tab.4  Assessment of heavy metal concentrations of soils in five areas around the Pingle Mn mine in Guangxi, southern China
Area Individual potential ecological risk factor (Ri) Ecological risk
(RI)
RMn RCu RCd RPb RZn
EA (n = 8) 54.53±31.67 ab 11.21±3.22 ab 1449.06±1029.51 a 23.06±1.13 a 1.76±0.21 a 1539.64±1049.27 a
(Risk level) (M) (L) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
TA (n = 10) 64.03±25.14 a 14.92±4.63 a 1955.48±1352.53 a 22.98±4.93 a 1.81±0.18 a 2059.21±1349.02 a
(Risk level) (M) (L) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
RA (n = 10) 40.02±25.26 ab 13.23±2.64 ab 1762.69±140.4.59 a 23.00±4.75 a 1.69±0.06 a 1804.63±1383.72 a
(Risk level) (M) (L) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
AA (n = 8) 27.08±15.34 b 11.06±5.42 b 753.79±278.28 a 20.89±2.37 b 1.81±0.27 a 814.62±279.47 a
(Risk level) (L) (L) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
UA (n = 9) 51.92±9.22 ab 11.00±2.31 ab 1200.84±326.17 a 17.44±1.55 b 1.96±0.25 a 1283.15±319.29 a
(Risk level) (M) (L) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
Average 47.51±25.85 12.40±4.27 1402.62±1038.79 a 21.70±3.71 1.81±0.21 a 1485.99±1044.90 a
(Risk level) (H) (H) (EH) (L) (L) (EH)
Tab.5  Potential ecological risk assessments of heavy metals in soils from five areas around the Pingle Mn mine in Guangxi, China
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