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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

Postal Subscription Code 80-973

2018 Impact Factor: 3.883

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2021, Vol. 15 Issue (1) : 14    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1306-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles
Rencheng Zhu1, Jingnan Hu2,3(), Liqiang He2, Lei Zu2, Xiaofeng Bao2, Yitu Lai4, Sheng Su4
1. School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
3. National Joint Research Center for Tracking Key Problems in Air Pollution Control, Beijing 100012, China
4. Xiamen Environment Protection Vehicle Emission Control Technology Center, Xiamen 361023, China
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Abstract

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C.

• As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels.

• Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature.

• The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC.

Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.

Keywords Particle mass      Particle number      Black carbon      Alcohol gasoline      Low temperature     
Corresponding Author(s): Jingnan Hu   
Issue Date: 06 August 2020
 Cite this article:   
Rencheng Zhu,Jingnan Hu,Liqiang He, et al. Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2021, 15(1): 14.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-020-1306-1
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2021/V15/I1/14
Specifications Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2
Intake method Turbo-charging Natural aspirated
Displacement (L) 1.798 1.998
Engine configuration GDI I4 DOHC PFI I4 DOHC
Number of valves per cylinder 4 4
Compression ratio 9.6 9.8
Engine power (kW) 118 108
After-treatment TWCa TWC
Curb weight (kg) 1520 1490
Manufacture year 2015 2015
Odometer (km) 4828 9539
Tab.1  Selected specifications of two test vehicles.
Characteristics Gasoline E10 M15
(RON+ MON)/2 92 89 96
Density (kg/m3) 725 730 757
RVP (kPa) 53.4 54.6 69.4
T10 (°C)a 54.1 54.4 50.8
T50 (°C)a 97.4 86.2 115.7
T90 (°C)a 178.5 147.5 155.4
End point (°C) 198.5 178.5 183.6
Aromatics (%v/v) 24.3 24.6 29.9
Olefins (%v/v) 11.7 7.5 18.9
C (%) 85.92 82.37 79.13
H (%) 14.08 13.78 12.90
O (%) <0.01 3.85 7.97
Lower heating value (MJ/kg) 43.73 43.60 43.06
Tab.2  Key properties of the three test fuels.
Fig.1  EC (a) and CO2 emission factors (b) of the two test vehicles fueled with gasoline, E10 and M15 in cold-start tests at both 30°C and -7°C (error bars indicate standard errors, same as for the following figures).
Fig.2  Regulated gaseous emissions from the two test vehicles fueled with gasoline, E10 and M15 in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C.
Fig.3  PM emission factors of the gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles during each phase of the WLTC in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C (Low: low-speed phase; Medium: medium-speed phase; High+ Extra: combination of the high-speed and extra-high-speed phases).
Fig.4  PN emissions during each phase of the WLTC from the six vehicle/fuel combinations and PN/PM ratios of Vehicle 1 in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C.
Fig.5  Time-resolved PN emissions from Vehicle 1 with gasoline, E10 and M15 in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C.
Fig.6  BC emissions from Vehicles 1 and 2 fueled with gasoline, E10 and M15 in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C.
Fig.7  Instantaneous BC emission rates of Vehicle 1 with gasoline in the cold-start tests at 30°C and -7°C.
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