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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

ISSN 2095-2201

ISSN 2095-221X(Online)

CN 10-1013/X

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Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.    2016, Vol. 10 Issue (3) : 428-437    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-015-0780-3
RESEARCH ARTICLE
A photolysis coefficient for characterizing the response of aqueous constituents to photolysis
David R. HOKANSON1,*(),Ke LI2,R. Rhodes TRUSSELL1
1. Trussell Technologies, Inc., Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
2. College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract

UV photolysis and UV based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining more and more attention for drinking water treatment. Quantum yield (?) and molar absorption coefficient (?) are the two critical parameters measuring the effectiveness of photolysis of a compound. The product of the two was proposed as a fundamental measure of a constituent’s amenability to transformation by photolysis. It was shown that this product, named the photolysis coefficient, kp, can be determined using standard bench tests and captures the properties that govern a constituent’s transformation when exposed to light. The development showed the photolysis coefficient to be equally useful for microbiological, inorganic and organic constituents. Values of kp calculated by the authors based on quantum yield and molar absorption coefficient data from the literature were summarized. Photolysis coefficients among microorganisms ranged from 8500 to more than 600000 and are far higher than for inorganic and organic compounds, which varied over a range of approximately 10 to 1000 and are much less sensitive to UV photolysis than the microorganisms.

Keywords UV photolysis      disinfection      advanced oxidation      N-nitrosodimethylamine      quantum yield      absorption coefficient     
Corresponding Author(s): David R. HOKANSON   
Just Accepted Date: 05 March 2015   Issue Date: 05 April 2016
 Cite this article:   
David R. HOKANSON,Ke LI,R. Rhodes TRUSSELL. A photolysis coefficient for characterizing the response of aqueous constituents to photolysis[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2016, 10(3): 428-437.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-015-0780-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2016/V10/I3/428
organism slopea) base 10/(cm2·mJ-1) kp/(L·einstein-1·cm-1) Ref.
Adenovirus ST2, 15, 40, 41 -0.024 11317 [13]
Adenovirus ST40 -0.018 8487 [13]
B40-8 -0.14 66014 [13]
Bacillus subtilis -0.059 27820 [13]
Calicivirus feline, canine -0.106 49982 [13]
Calicivirus, bovine -0.19 89590 [13]
Campylobacter jejuni -0.88 414944 [13]
Cryptosporidium parvum -0.225 106094 [13]
CVB2 -0.119 56112 [14]
Escherischia coli -0.506 238593 [13]
Escherischia coli O157 -0.642 302720 [13]
?X174 -0.396 186725 [13]
Giardia muris -0.122 57526 [13]
Hepatitis A -0.181 85346 [13]
MS2 phage -0.055 25934 [13]
Poliovirus type 1 -0.135 63656 [13]
PRD1 -0.128 60355 [13]
-0.084 39608 [13]
Rotavirus SA-11 -0.102 48096 [13]
Salmonella typherium -0.515 242836 [13]
Shigella dysenteriae -1.308 616757 [13]
Shigella sonnei -0.466 219732 [13]
Streptococcus faecalis -0.312 147116 [13]
T7 -0.232 109394 [13]
vibrio choleae -1.341 632318 [13]
Yersinia entrocoliticaa -0.889 419188 [13]
Tab.1  A summary of photolysis rates of microorganisms at 253.7 nm
constituent formula slopea) base 10/(cm2·mJ-1) kp/(L·einstein-1·cm-1) Ref.
nitrate N O 3 - -0.00003 14 [15]
hypochlorous acid HOCl -0.00109 514 [16]
hypochlorite ion OCl- -0.00065 306 [16]
monochloramine NH2Cl -0.00027 127 [16]
monochloramine NH2Cl -0.00046 217 [17]
monochloramine NH2Cl -0.00039 184 [18]
monochloramine NH2Clb) -0.00042 198 [19]
monochloramine NH2Clc) -0.00022 104 [19]
dichloramine NHCl2 -0.00039 184 [18]
dichloramine NHCl2b) -0.00022 104 [19]
dichloramine NHCl2c) -0.00022 104 [19]
trichloramine NCl3 -0.0011 519 [18]
hydrogen peroxide H2O2 -0.000046 21.8 [20]
Tab.2  Summary of photolysis rates of inorganic chemicals at 253.7 nm
constituent slopea) base 10/(cm2·mJ-1) kp /(L·einstein-1·cm-1) Ref.
alachlor -0.00024 113 [21]
atrazine -0.00034 160 [21]
bisphenol a -0.000017 8 [22]
carbamazepine -0.000014 7 [23]
chlorfenvinphos -0.00103 486 [21]
clofibric acid -0.00059 278 [23]
diclofenac -0.005330 2513 [22]
diphenhydramine -0.000087 41 [24]
diuron -0.00065 306 [21]
ibuprofen -0.000087 41 [24]
iohexol -0.0024 1130 [23]
isoproturon -0.000026 12 [21]
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) -0.000980 462 [25]
naproxen -0.00018 85 [23]
pentachlorophenol -0.00039 184 [21]
phenazone -0.00109 514 [24]
phenytoin (dilantin) -0.00083 391 [24]
sulfadiazine -0.000572 270 [22]
sulfamethazine -0.000787 371 [22]
sulfamethoxazole -0.002240 1056 [22]
trimethoprim -0.000017 8 [22]
Tab.3  Summary of photolysis rates of organic chemicals at 253.7 nm
Fig.1  Photolysis of selected constituents with increasing UV dose (based on photolysis rates of various constituents shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3)
Fig.2  Semilog plot of the inactivation of MS2 coliphage (data from [14])
Fig.3  Semilog plot of the destruction of NDMA via exposure to low pressure UV (data from Sharpless and Linden [27])
Fig.4  Overview of fluence required for 1-log reduction in a variety of target constituents
a = the absorptivity of the solution, base 10 (cm-1);
a = the absorptivity of the solution, base e (cm-1);
a j = the absorptivity of the solution at wavelength j, base e (cm-1);
Av = Avogadro’s number, 6.02214×1023 photons·einstein-1;
c= speed of light, 2.99792×108 m·s-1;
λ = wavelength of light (m);
C = the concentration of the target compound (mol·L-1);
Ci = the concentration of constituent i (mol·L-1);
C0 = the initial concentration of the target compound (mol·L-1);
E0 = energy flux incident to the sample, a measure of the intensity of irradiance (milliwatts·cm-2);
Eavg = average irradiance= ( 1 - 10 - a ? ) E 0 l n ( 10 ) a ? (milliwatts·cm-2);
h= Planck’s constant, 6.62607×10-34 joules·s·photon-1 (or joules-s·quanta-1);
H = average UV dose (millijoules·cm-2);
i = the index of a constituent;
I0 = the flux of photons incident to the solution (einstein·cm-2·s-1);
I = the flux of photons transmitted through the solution (einstein·cm-2·s-1);
I01, I02, I03,…, I0m, = the flux of photons incident to the solution as a function of wavelength at wavelengths λ 01 , λ 02 , λ 03 , ... , λ 0 m for a polychromatic light source (einstein·cm-2·s-1);
Ilocal,i = the light absorbed by a constituent i at an infinitely small volume (einstein·cm-2·s-1);
n = the number of constituents;
j = the index of wavelengths;
k= pseudo-first order rate constant for target compound irradiated with light (s-1);
kp = photolysis coefficient, base 10= k’p / ln(10) (L·einstein-1·cm-1);
k’p = photolysis coefficient, base e (L·einstein-1·cm-1);
? = depth of the sample (cm);
l = the effective pathlength in a reactor (cm);
m = the total number of wavelengths;
N = number of microorganisms;
N0 = number of microorganisms at time zero;
r avg, i = average rate of photolysis for constituent i (mol·cm-3·s-1);
rR = localized rate of photolysis (mol·cm-3·s-1);
r R , i = localized rate of photolysis for constituent i (mol·cm-3·s-1);
t = time of exposure (s);
x = the distance traveled by the light (cm);
U λ = energy per einstein for photons of wavelength λ (joules·einstein-1);
e = the molar absorption coefficient of constituents base 10 (L·mol-1·cm-1);
ei = the molar absorption coefficient of constituent i base 10 (L·mol-1·cm-1);
? 1 , ? 2 , ? 3 , ... , ? m = the molar absorption coefficient of constituents base 10 at wavelengths λ 01 , λ 02 , λ 03 , ... , λ 0 m (L·mol-1·cm-1);
? = the molar absorption coefficient of constituents base e (L·mol-1·cm-1);
? i , j = the molar absorption coefficient of constituent i at wavelength j base e (L·mol-1·cm-1);
φ = quantum yield, mole of constituent transformed per einstein of photons absorbed by constituent (mol·einstein-1);
φ i = quantum yield of constituent i, moles transformed per einstein of photons absorbed (mol·einstein-1);
φ 1 , φ 2 , φ 3 , ... , φ m = quantum yield of constituent i at wavelengths λ 01 , λ 02 , λ 03 , ... , λ 0 m , moles transformed per einstein of photons absorbed (mol·einstein-1);
φ i , j = quantum yield of constituent i at wavelength j, moles transformed per einstein of photons absorbed (mol·einstein-1);
λ = wavelength (nm);
λ 01 , λ 02 , λ 03 , ... , λ 0 m = wavelengths of light for polychromatic light source (nm);
σ = inactivation cross-section (cm2·molecule-1).
Tab.4  Nomenclature
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