Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

doi:10.1007/s11783-017-0953-3

Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (6) : 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0953-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

Shunan Shan¹, Yuting Zhang¹, Yining Zhang¹, Lanjun Hui¹, Wen Shi¹, Yongming Zhang¹(

), Bruce E. Rittmann²

¹. College of Life and Environmental Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
². Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA

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Abstract

Intimately coupling UV photolysis accelerated benzotriazone (BTA) biodegradation.

Photolysis of BTA generated four products: AP, PHZ, FA, and MA.

FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation, as they produced internal electron donor.

AP and PHZ slowed BTA biodegradation, as they competed for internal electron donor.

AP and PHZ did not accumulate during the intimately coupling process.

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an emerging contaminant that also is a recalcitrant compound. Sequential and intimate coupling of UV-photolysis with biodegradation were investigated for their impacts on BTA removal and mineralization in aerobic batch experiments. Special attention was given to the role of its main photolytic products, which were aminophenol (AP), formic acid (FA), maleic acid (MA), and phenazine (PHZ). Experiments with sequential coupling showed that BTA biodegradation was accelerated by photolytic pretreatment up to 9 min, but BTA biodegradation was slowed with longer photolysis. FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation by being labile electron-donor substrates, but AP and PHZ slowed the rate because of inhibition due to their competition for intracellular electron donor. Because more AP and PHZ accumulated with increasing photolysis time, their inhibitory effects began to dominate with longer photolysis time. Intimately coupling photolysis with biodegradation relieved the inhibition effect, because AP and PHZ were quickly biodegraded and did not accumulate, which accentuated the beneficial effect of FA and MA.

Keywords Benzotriazole Photolysis Biodegradation Inhibition Electron donor

Corresponding Author(s): Yongming Zhang

Issue Date: 26 May 2017

Cite this article:

Shunan Shan,Yuting Zhang,Yining Zhang, et al. Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2017, 11(6): 8.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-017-0953-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2017/V11/I6/8

Fig.1 A proposed BTA-biodegradation pathway based on initial mono-oxygenation to 5-hydroxybenztriazole and consistent with Huntscha et al. []. Steps B through E are examples of how 5-hydroxybenzotriazole can be transformed to the readily biodegradable muconic acid semi-aldehyde. 2H stands for an intracellular electron donor having two electron equivalents

Fig.2 BTA removal kinetics for all protocols. (E) signs are experimental values, and these values were averaged based on experimental runs. The bars indicate the high and low values for the duplicate runs. (C) lines are computed values based on the best-fit k values [(mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1] of kinetics of 0.66-ordermol

Fig.3 DOC removal percentages correlated to BTA-removal kinetics. The number above each bar is the k value in (mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1

Fig.4 Products generated during BTA photolysis. Symbols are experimental values, and these are averaged based on two experimental runs. The bars indicate the high and low values for the duplicate runs

Fig.5 BTA removals with all intermediates added together at concentrations corresponding to photolysis of 2 min and 22 min; those results are compared with direct BTA biodegradation. (E) signs are experimental values, and these values were averaged based on experimental runs. The bars indicate the high and low values for the duplicate runs. (C) lines are computed values based on the best-fit k values[(mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1] of kinetics of 0.66-order

Fig.6 BTA biodegradation kinetics with photolysis products added individually at concentrations corresponding to photolysis of 2 min. (E) signs are experimental values, and these values were averaged based on experimental runs. The bars indicate the high and low values for the duplicate runs. (C) lines are computed values based on the best-ﬁt k values [(mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1] of kinetics of 0.66-order. Note that the k value for direct biodegradation is 1.03 (mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1 (Fig. 2)

Fig.7 BTA biodegradation kinetics with photolysis products added individually at concentrations corresponding to photolysis of 22 min. (E) signs are experimental values, and these values were averaged based on experimental runs. The bars indicate the high and low values for the duplicate runs. (C) lines are computed values based on the best-ﬁt k values [(mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1] of kinetics of 0.66-order. Note the k value for direct biodegradation is 1.03 (mmol·L^-1)^0.34·h^–1 (Fig. 2)

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