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Membrane-bound O-acyltransferases (MBOAT)
Catherine C. Y. CHANG, Jie SUN, Ta-Yuan CHANG
Front Biol. 2011, 6 (3): 177-182.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1149-z
The MBOAT enzyme family, identified in 2000, comprises 11 genes in the human genome that participate in a variety of biological processes. MBOAT enzymes contain multiple transmembrane domains and share two active site residues, histidine and asparagine. Several MBOAT members are drug targets for major human diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity, Alzheimer disease, and viral infections. Here we review the historical aspects of MBOAT enzymes, classify them biochemically into 3 subgroups, and describe the essential features of each member.
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Systems level analysis of lipidome
Guanghou SHUI
Front Biol. 2011, 6 (3): 183-189.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1147-1
Lipids, once thought to be mainly for energy-storage and structural purpose, have now gained immense recognition as a class of critical metabolites with versatile functions. The diversity and complexity of the cellular lipids are the main challenge for the comprehensive analysis of a lipidome. Lipidomics, which aims at mapping all of the lipids in a cell, is expanded rapidly in recent years, mainly attributed to recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS). MS-based lipidomic approaches developed recently allow the quick profiling of hundreds of lipids in a crude lipid extract. With the aid of latest computational tools/software (chemometrics), aberrant lipid metabolites or important signaling lipid(s) could be easily identified using unbiased lipid profiling approaches. Further tandem MS (MS/MS)-based lipidomic approaches, known as targeted approaches and able to convey structural information, hold the promise for high-throughput lipidome analysis. In this review, I discussed the basic strategy for systems level analysis of lipidome in biomedical study.
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Drug targets beyond HMG-CoA reductase: Why venture beyond the statins?
Ingrid C. GELISSEN, Andrew J. BROWN
Front Biol. 2011, 6 (3): 197-205.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1130-x
In this review, we aim to convey a brief, select history of the development of cholesterol-lowering therapies. We focus particularly on the highly successful statins as well as setbacks that should serve as cautionary tales. We go on to preview recent developments that may complement, if not one day replace, the statins. Our focus is on pharmacological interventions, particularly those targeting the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Also, we examine therapies under current investigation that target the assembly of atherogenic lipoproteins (via apolipoprotein B or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein), the stability of the low-density lipoprotein-receptor (via PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9), or are designed to increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (via inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein).
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The mRNA export pathway in plants
Oliver X. DONG, Kaeli JOHNSON, Xin LI, Yuelin ZHANG
Front Biol. 2011, 6 (3): 246-250.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1060-7
A double lipid bilayer separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm, termed the nuclear envelope, is a defining feature of eukaryotes. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules through the nuclear pores enables fine-tuned regulation of biologic processes. All mature mRNAs are delivered to the cytoplasm from the nucleus via an mRNA export pathway. Much work has been done in yeast and animals to study the machinery of mRNA export. However, until recently, research on plant mRNA export has been quite limited. Genetic, bioinformatic, and biochemical investigations have expanded our understanding of the mRNA export process in plants. Here, we review recent progress that has been made elucidating the components of the mRNA export pathway in plants. MOS3 (MODIFIER OF SNC1, 3) /AtNup96 and AtNup160 are both components of the highly conserved Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex and were shown to play key roles in mRNA export. MOS11 (MODIFIER OF SNC1, 11), which is homologous to the RNA helicase enhancer CIP29 in human, was recently found to be involved in the same pathway as MOS3. A DEAD Box RNA helicase, LOS4 (low expression of osmotically responsive genes 4) was also found to play a role in the mRNA export process, putatively by carrying mRNA molecules through the nuclear envelope. Recently, a protein complex homologous to the yeast TREX-2 complex was also found to play important roles in mRNA export in plants. It appears that most players in the mRNA export pathway are highly conserved among plants, yeast and animals.
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Neurexins and neuroligins: new partners for GABAA receptors at synapses
Bei WU, Chen ZHANG
Front Biol. 2011, 6 (3): 251-260.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-011-1020-2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. As one of several types of endogenous receptors, GABAA receptors have been shown to be essential in most, if not all, aspects of brain functioning, including neural development and information processing. Mutations in genes encoding GABAA receptors and alterations in the function of GABAA receptors are associated with many neurologic diseases, and GABAA receptors have been clinically targeted by many drugs, such as benzodiazepines and general anesthetics. Extensive studies have revealed a number of intracellular chaperons/interactions for GABAA receptors, providing a protein–protein network in regulating the trafficking and location of GABAA receptors in the brain. Recently, neurexins and neuroligins, two families of transmembrane proteins present at neurological synapses, are implicated as new partners to GABAA receptors. These works shed new light on the synaptic regulation of GABAA receptor activity. Here, we summarized the proteins that were implicated in the function of GABAA receptors, including neurexins and neuroligins.
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13 articles
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