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Oxidative stress, respiratory muscle dysfunction, and potential therapeutics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Li ZUO, Allison H. HALLMAN, Marvin K. YOUSIF, Michael T. CHIEN
Front Biol. 2012, 7 (6): 506-513.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1251-x
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly relevant disorder that induces respiratory muscle dysfunction. One prevalent symptom of COPD is resistive breathing which causes respiratory muscle to significantly increase the magnitude of contractions, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and oxidative stress. Through cellular signaling cascades, ROS activate molecules such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB. These signaling molecules stimulate the release of cytokines which in turn cause damage to the diaphragm, involving sarcomeric disruptions. In response to COPD induced fatigue, the diaphragm undergoes a beneficial fiber-type shift to type I muscle fibers, which are more resistant to hypoxia than type II fibers. The lung hyperinflation that occurs in COPD also causes intercostal muscle dysfunction, thereby exacerbating COPD symptoms. In addition, COPD is known to have a connection with heart failure, diabetes, and aging, further decreasing respiratory function. Currently, there is no cure for this disorder. Nevertheless, various potential therapeutic strategies focusing on respiratory muscle have been identified including respiratory muscle training, β2-agonist therapy, and lung volume reduction surgery. In this review, we will outline the role of COPD, oxidative stress, and related complications in respiratory muscle dysfunction.
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Differential regulation of cPLA2 and iPLA2 expression in the brain
Kazuhiro TANAKA, Nikhat J. SIDDIQI, Abdullah S. ALHOMIDA, Akhlaq A. FAROOQUI, Wei-Yi ONG
Front Biol. 2012, 7 (6): 514-521.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-9247-0
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family members are critical regulators of membrane structure and lipid composition and have been implicated in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Here, we review the published data describing regulation of cPLA2 and iPLA2 gene expression. Based on promoter sequence, cPLA2 expression can be regulated by glucocorticoid and pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas transcription of iPLA2 can be controlled in response to sterol level. RNA degradation in 3′ UTR and epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of cPLA2 and iPLA2 expression, respectively. MicroRNA target sequences lie within cPLA2 and iPLA2 mRNAs. Together, these findings indicate differential regulation of cPLA2 and iPLA2 expression. It is hoped that determination of diverse regulatory mechanisms of the PLA2 family may open new doors for development of novel therapeutic compounds that modulate PLA2 expression and function in the treatment of brain diseases.
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Gene deletor: a new tool to address gene flow and food safety concerns over transgenic crop plants
Yi LI
Front Biol. 2012, 7 (6): 557-565.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1195-1
Environmental and food safety concerns over transgenic plants have hampered commercial applications of transgenic plant technology worldwide. A recently developed transgene deletion technology, named gene deletor technology, may be used to eliminate all transgenes from pollen, seeds, fruits or other organs when functions of transgenes are no longer needed or their presence may cause concerns. In this review, I will briefly describe the principle of the gene deletor technology with major supporting experimental data. I will also explain main characteristics and requirements of the gene deletor technology. Finally, I will discuss the gene deletor technology in the context of how it may be used to alleviate environmental and food safety concerns over transgenic plants in vegetatively and sexually propagated plants, to prevent volunteer transgenic plants, to protect proprietary transgenic technologies, and to allow farmers to reuse their harvested seeds for future planting.
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Wntless in Wnt secretion: molecular, cellular and genetic aspects
Soumyashree DAS, Shiyan YU, Ryotaro SAKAMORI, Ewa Stypulkowski, Nan GAO
Front Biol. 2012, 7 (6): 587-593.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-012-1200-8
Throughout the animal kingdom, Wnt-triggered signal transduction pathways play fundamental roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Wnt proteins are modified as glycolipoproteins and are secreted into the extracellular environment as morphogens. Recent studies on the intracellular trafficking of Wnt proteins demonstrate multiple layers of regulation along its secretory pathway. These findings have propelled a great deal of interest among researchers to further investigate the molecular mechanisms that control the release of Wnts and hence the level of Wnt signaling. This review is dedicated to Wntless, a putative G-protein coupled receptor that transports Wnts intracellularly for secretion. Here, we highlight the conclusions drawn from the most recent cellular, molecular and genetic studies that affirm the role of Wntless in the secretion of Wnt proteins.
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