Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices
Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices
Dewei JIA1, Jing LIU2,3()
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 3. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Energy problems arise with the proliferation of mobile electronic devices, which range from entertainment tools to life saving medical instruments. The large amount of energy consumption and increasing mobility of electronic devices make it urgent that new power sources should be developed. It has been gradually recognized that the human body is highly flexible in generating applicable power from sources of heat dissipation, joint rotation, enforcement of body weight, vertical displacement of mass centers, and even elastic deformation of tissues and other attachments. These basic combinations of daily activities or metabolic phenomena open up possibilities for harvesting energy which is strong enough to power mobile or even implantable medical devices which could be used for a long time or be recharged permanently. A comprehensive review is presented in this paper on the latest developed or incubating electricity generation methods based on human power which would serve as promising candidates for future mobile power. Thermal and mechanical energy, investigated more thoroughly so far, will particularly be emphasized. Thermal energy relies on body heat and employs the property of thermoelectric materials, while mechanical energy is generally extracted in the form of enforcement or displacement excitation. For illustration purposes, the piezoelectric effect, dielectric elastomer and the electromagnetic induction couple, which can convert force directly into electricity, were also evaluated. Meanwhile, examples are given to explain how to adopt inertia generators for converting displacement energy via piezoelectric, electrostatic, electromagnetic or magnetostrictive vibrators. Finally, future prospects in harvesting energy from human power are made in conclusion.
Corresponding Author(s):
LIU Jing,Email:jliu@cl.cryo.ac.cn
引用本文:
. Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices[J]. Frontiers of Energy and Power Engineering in China, 0, (): 27-46.
Dewei JIA, Jing LIU. Human power-based energy harvesting strategies for mobile electronic devices. Front Energ Power Eng Chin, 0, (): 27-46.
Adm690-adm695: Microprocessor supervisory circuits data sheet. 2007. http://www.analog.com/en/prod/
ADM8697
Analog
1.30
200
0.26
footnote5Adm690-adm695: Microprocessor supervisory circuits data sheet. 2007. http://www.analog.com/en/prod/
ISP1160x
Philips
3.30
200
0.66
footnote
Isp1160x low power consumption. http://www.nxp.com/
XC800 family
Infineon
5.00
280a
1.40
footnote
Xc800 family. http://www.infineon.com
Tab.3
device
email
MP3
browse
notes
messaging
idle
RCV
speaker
text
audio
laptop/W
15.16
16.25
18.02
15.99
16.55
14.2
14.65
14.4
15.5
13.975
handheld/W
1.386
1.439
2.091
1.7
1.742
1.276
1.557
1.319
-
1.2584
cellphone/mW
539
472
-
-
-
-
-
392
1147
26
pager/mW
92
72
-
-
-
78
-
-
-
13
high-end MP3/W
-
-
-
2.977
-
-
-
-
-
1.884
low-end MP3/mW
-
-
-
327
-
-
-
-
-
143
voice recorder/mW
-
-
-
-
-
-
166
-
-
17
variance/%
16496
22727
861
4890
950
18252
8825
3673
1351
107500
Tab.4
unit
Li-sulfur dioxide
zinc air
Ni-Gd
Ni-Li
Li-ion
specific energy/(Wh?kg-1)
125
340
30
50
80
Energy density/(Wh?L-1)
415
550
100
180
200
cycle life (number of charges)
1
1
1500
500
300-500
Tab.5
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
operation mode
U3
Q3
W
mode 31 (transverse)
g31F1W
d31F1LH
12g31d31LWHF12
mode 33 (longitude)
g33F3WLH
d33F3
12g33d33F32HLW
Tab.6
?/?0
d31/(pC?N-1)
g31/ (mV?m?N-1)
K31/10-2
d33/(pC?N-1)
g33/(mV?m?N-1)
K33/10-3
PVDF
12
23
216
12
-33
-330
150
PZT-5H
3400
-274
-9.1
39
593
19.7
750
PZT-5A
1700
-171
-11.4
34.4
374
24.8
705
BaTiO3
1700
78
5
21
149
14.1
480
Tab.7
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
Fig.7
structure
charge constrained
voltage constrained
in-plane overlap varying
Fe~1/x2
Fe constant
in-plane gap closing
Fe~x
Fe~1/x2
out-of-plane gap closing
Fe constant
Fe~1/x
Tab.8
Fig.8
Fig.9
harvesting method
current output range/mA
voltage output range/V
power output range/(μW?cm-2)
piezoelectric (17 cm2)
0.01-0.1
1-10
3-7
thermoelectric (36 cm2)
10-25
0.1-1.0
86-225
Tab.9
type
governing equation
practicala
theoreticala
advantages
disadvantages
piezoelectric
U=σy2k22Y
17.7
355
high voltage is 3-10 Vno external voltage neededcompact configurationcompatible with MEMShigh coupling in single crystals
high output impedancedepolarizationcharge leakagebrittleness in PZTpoor coupling in PVDF
electrostatic
U=?E22
4
44
easier to integrate in MEMSno need for smart materialhigh voltage of 2-10 V
separate voltage source neededcapacitivemechanical constraints needed
electromagnetic
U=B22μ0
4
400
no external source neededno smart material
low output voltage of 0.1-0.2 V big size and heavy weight
magnetostrictive
U=GFZb
0.9
ultra-high coupling coefficientno depolarization problemhigh flexibilitysuited to high frequency vibration
non-linearpick-up coilmay need bias magnetsdifficult to integrate with MEMS
Tab.10
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig.12
Fig.13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16
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